Key Findings of Amy Burns Research on Welfare Policy

1. Terms of Reference On the 10th of November 2013, Helen Williamson, Senior Lecturer, requested Amy Burns HND Business Student, to research one current government policy on welfare and prepare a report of the findings. The result of this research and the report were to be presented by the 3rd December 2013. 2. Key Findings 2.1. In October 2013, the Government introduced Universal credit to replace the current benefits system so that it is harder for people to commit benefit fraud and harder to earn more than a working family. 2.2. The Government began their changes to the benefits system and intends to complete the majority of the turnover by 2017. 2.3. Members of the public and some charitable organisations have created a petition to oppose the bedroom tax introduced by the government. 3. Methodology and Limitations The author researched this topic using both primary and secondary research methods. Primary Research such as questionnaires tended to be more politically biased rather than fact-based. So an interview was carried out with a colleague on the 13th December 2013. Interviews on this subject were difficult to conduct as the new policy had not yet been implemented fully. Quantative data had been collected through the internet as it provided reliable statistics. 4. 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My Parents Taught Me The Value Of An Education Essay

I was born in Delta State, Nigeria. I am one of eight children. My mother was an orphan and my father lost his own father at the age of 7; both my parents grew up in poverty in Nigeria and managed to succeed because of the education they were fortunate to receive. I mention this to illustrate that my parents taught me the value of an education and have provided my siblings and I with the right access to resources to ensure we succeed academically. My family voluntarily migrated to the UK when I was seven years old to avoid death threats made against my parents. We initially lived in Kent, and I attended primary school in Ramsgate. My siblings were one of the few Black students in the school I was the only Black student in my grade. Prior to migration, I was aware of the racial categories in the UK and the US, and the implications of being an African immigrant in the UK, but I did not comprehend the full implications of this until I lived in a country where I was a racial minority. T hankfully, my primary school had other international students, from across the globe, and I had some open-minded British peers and I could thrive and learn about other cultures. This early exposure was a great eye-opener for me – I learnt about racism, classism, and culturally different gender expectations. This was a great learning experience and has informed my interest in studying social justice issues and cultural differences. I was born in Delta State, Nigeria. I am one of eight children.Show MoreRelatedTrue Education : What Motive Is Appeal?1397 Words   |  6 PagesToday, in the present time, what is the trend of the education given? To what motive is appeal most often made? To self-seeking. Much of the education given today, is a perversion of the name itself. In true education the selfish ambition, the greed for power, the disregard for the rights and needs of humanity, that are the curse of our world, find a counter-influence. 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Control Issues in Anorexia Patients free essay sample

A discussion of issues of control in anorexics and an analysis of the disorder. This paper consists of the various ways that individuals with anorexia use forms of control to maintain their disease. Specific control issues discussed are control over previous sexual abuse, control over social ideals of thinness, control over narcissism, and control over food. The author briefly describes the disorder itself, then spends most of the paper discussing various types of control. Research has been done on the ways control is shown through the expression of anorexia. Studies have shown that many anorexic individuals try to exert control over their bodies through deprivation of food because they have very little control over any other aspect of their lives. The aspects of control can vary from individual to individual. Therefore one anorexic individual may have one or many aspects of control in his or her life that is related to the disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on Control Issues in Anorexia Patients or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, in addition to the various aspects of control, an anorexic individual may have obsessive-compulsive characteristics that accompany the disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its characteristics are more commonly found in individuals displaying the behaviors of anorexia than individuals with bulimia (Hall et al., 1992; Wonderlich, Swift, Slotnick, Goodman, 1990; Rogers, Petrie, 2001, p. 181). Another disorder that can coexist quite often with anorexia is depression.

The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman A Hermaphrodite’ Essay Example

The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Assignment Part One The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man? A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ Part Two www.about.com This website, from which the internet rumor was removed, is an online resource for varied information and stories. The website was created in 1996 with a minimum number of topics that were covered. These topics eventually increased in number, attracting advertisers and popularizing the site. This website is owned by the ‘New York Times Company’. Each topic on the website is written by a different experienced writer and these writers are paid for their work. These writers are sometimes referred to as guides and their sites contain their work and links to other websites with information related to their subjects. The guides provide forums where registered users can comment on their work and upload the information. The site also has urban legends and hoaxes about everything including celebrities. www.go.com Jeff Gold founded this website in 1995, which is currently under the Walt Disney Company. All content associated with Disney is displayed in go.com. It allows its users to have individual web pages and provides entertainment news from all over the world. This website is used as a hub for other sites that are related to the Disney Company. The Go Network has been on the forefront in promoting the sites that it supports. Contrary to the belief of many users, go.com is still operational but no longer operates email accounts. This website offers news and gossip on everything from politics to entertainment. www.snopes.com This website is known for its variety in urban legends and internet rumors. David and Barbara Mikkelson are the brains behind the site that receives more than 250,000 visits everyday. Users and contributors post their stories and pictures on the message board for veracity before their stories are made available to other users. The stories that are features on this website are divided into different categories from business, food, movies, humor, embarrassments, etc. the site also provides newsletters to its registered users. Summary The internet rumor talks about the gender of Lady Gaga, a famous pop musician. A video was reported to show her ‘male’ genitalia and the singer has allegedly said that she possesses both the female and male genitalia but that she considers herself a female. This sparked different reaction from her fans. Most of them believed the rumor to be true while a small percentage of them thought it was a malicious rumor started to ruin her reputation. Her management team refutes those allegations as ridiculous. During an interview, Lady Gaga admitted that she was aware of the rumors and said that they were untrue. Internet Rumor This story is an internet rumor because it was started and spread on the internet. Internet rumors are alleged stories without confirmed veracity. Rumors are conveyed through word of mouth. Because of technological advancements, it has become more effective and efficient to transmit rumors through the internet therefore reaching more people. The mentioned story was spread in internet websites such as www.snopes.com, www.go.com and www.about.com. All are popular sites for information on different people and situations. Rumors are also endowed with information about people, events or circumstances. In the selected story, Lady Gaga is alleged to be hermaphrodite. This information was formulated and spread through the internet. Rumors are said to portray the poignant desires of the community. This means that rumors help to feed the undying ‘need to know’ hunger of the community. Lady Gaga’s story fed into the suspicions of most of her fans and the fact that people nev er tire of reading about their favorite celebrities. The appeal of the story plays on our hopes and dreams. As human beings, we constantly worry about our physical appearances and our futures. We are always hoping for the best out of life. The fan base that Lady Gaga had created is obviously shaken by this story about her being a hermaphrodite. This is because she is considered an icon among her fans and the thought that she could be both male and female crashes the hopes and dreams of some of her fans. Those who look up to her feel betrayed by the story because they probably had dreams and hopes of meeting her in their lifetime. The story therefore appeals to people to have realistic hopes and dreams. It is very creative story as it involves someone that is already famous, Lady Gaga, thereby drawing the attention of its readers. The details of the story and the pictures also portray the creative level of its creators. The use of her quoted words in the story makes it almost believable to the readers. The writer also incorporated her sexuality in the story to awaken the readers’ curiosity and capture their attention, which worked quite well, judging by the number of visitors to the sites that contain the story. People are passing the story along because it is interesting, refreshing and entertaining. The facts that the subject of the story is a celebrity makes more people want to read and pass it along to heir friends and family. The story’s authenticity does not matter, only its entertainment factors hence its continued popularity. Reference Emery, David (august 10, 2009). Is Lady Gaga a Man? A Woman? A Hermaphrodite? Retrieved from http://urbanlegends.about.com/b/2009/08/10/lady-gaga-a-man-urban-legend.htm Mikkelson, Barbara (31 January 2010). Bluffin’ with her muffin? Retrieved from http://www.snopes.com/music/artists/ladygaga.asp Marikar, Sheila (august 17, 2009). Lady Gaga Goes Nude, Stands Up for Gays. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=8345070#.UAVwpZEeAwo

Metallic Character - Chemistry Glossary Definition

Metallic Character - Chemistry Glossary Definition Metallic Character Definition Metallic character describes the set of chemical properties that are associated with the elements classified as metals in the periodic table. Metallic character depends on the ability of an element to lose its outer valence electrons. Examples of properties related to metallic character include thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, hardness, ductility, and malleability. The most metallic element is francium, followed by cesium. In general, metallic character increases as you move toward the lower right side of the periodic table. Also Known As: metallicity, metal character Metallic Character Versus Metallicity In chemistry, the terms metallic character and metallicity may be used interchangeably to refer to the metallic nature of a sample. In astronomy, metallicity refers to the abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium, regardless of whether or not these elements are actually metals.

Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Kairos The Modes of Persuasion and How to Use Them

Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Kairos The Modes of Persuasion and How to Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos all stem from rhetoric- that is, speaking and writing effectively. You might find the concepts in courses on rhetoric, psychology, English, or in just about any other field! The concepts of ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos are also called the modes of persuasion, ethical strategies, or rhetorical appeals. They have a lot of different applications ranging from everyday interactions with others to big political speeches to effective advertising. Read on to learn about what the modes of persuasion are, how they’re used, and how to identify them! "Yes, Alexander, this will be on the test." What Are the Modes of Persuasion? As you might have guessed from the sound of the words, ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos go all the way back to ancient Greece. The concepts were introduced in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, a treatise on persuasion that approached rhetoric as an art, in the fourth century BCE. Rhetoric was primarily concerned with ethos, pathos, and logos, but kairos, or the idea of using your words at the right time, was also an important feature of Aristotle’s teachings. However, kairos was particularly interesting to the Sophists, a group of intellectuals who made their living teaching a variety of subjects. The Sophists stressed the importance of structuring rhetoric around the ideal time and place. Together, all four concepts have become the modes of persuasion, though we typically focus on ethos, pathos, and logos. If Einstein says it, it must be true. What Is Ethos? Though you may not have heard the term before, ‘ethos’ is a common concept. You can think of it as an appeal to authority or character- persuasive techniques using ethos will attempt to persuade you based on the speaker’s social standing or knowledge. The word ethos even comes from the Greek word for character. An ethos-based argument will include a statement that makes use of the speaker or writer’s position and knowledge. For example, hearing the phrase, â€Å"As a doctor, I believe,† before an argument about physical health is more likely to sway you than hearing, â€Å"As a second-grade teacher, I believe.† Likewise, celebrity endorsements can be incredibly effective in persuading people to do things. Many viewers aspire to be like their favorite celebrities, so when they appear in advertisements, they're more likely to buy whatever they're selling to be more like them. The same is true of social media influencers, whose partnerships with brands can have huge financial benefits for marketers. In addition to authority figures and celebrities, according to Aristotle, we’re more likely to trust people who we perceive as having good sense, good morals, and goodwill- in other words, we trust people who are rational, fair, and kind. You don’t have to be famous to use ethos effectively; you just need whoever you’re persuading to perceive you as rational, moral, and kind. Sad imagery is an example of pathos, which appeals to emotion. What Is Pathos? Pathos, which comes from the Greek word for suffering or experience, is rhetoric that appeals to emotion. The emotion appealed to can be a positive or negative one, but whatever it is, it should make people feel strongly as a means of getting them to agree or disagree. For example, imagine someone asks you to donate to a cause, such as saving rainforests. If they just ask you to donate, you may or may not want to, depending on your previous views. But if they take the time to tell you a story about how many animals go extinct because of deforestation, or even about how their fundraising efforts have improved conditions in the rainforests, you may be more likely to donate because you’re emotionally involved. But pathos isn’t just about creating emotion; it can also be about counteracting it. For example, imagine a teacher speaking to a group of angry children. The children are annoyed that they have to do schoolwork when they’d rather be outside. The teacher could admonish them for misbehaving, or, with rhetoric, he could change their minds. Suppose that, instead of punishing them, the teacher instead tries to inspire calmness in them by putting on some soothing music and speaking in a more hushed voice. He could also try reminding them that if they get to work, the time will pass quicker and they’ll be able to go outside to play. Aristotle outlines emotional dichotomies in Rhetoric. If an audience is experiencing one emotion and it’s necessary to your argument that they feel another, you can counterbalance the unwanted emotion with the desired one. The dichotomies, expanded upon after Aristotle, are: Anger/Calmness Friendship/Enmity Fear/Confidence Shame/Shamelessness Kindness/Unkindness Pity/Indignation Envy/Emulation Note that these can work in either direction; it’s not just about swaying an audience from a negative emotion to a positive one. However,changing an audience's emotion based on false or misleading informationis often seen as manipulation rather than persuasion. Getting into the hows and whys requires a dive into the ethics of rhetoric, but suffice to say that when you attempt to deceive an audience, that is manipulation. If you really want to get an audience fired up about something, you can inspire righteous anger, which may or may not be manipulation. If somebody is offended that you’ve asked them for something, you can try making them feel sorry for you by turning indignation into pity- that’s manipulation. Seems trustworthy, right? What Is Logos? Logos comes from a Greek word of multiple meanings, including â€Å"ground,† â€Å"speech,† and â€Å"reason.† In rhetoric, it specifically refers to having a sense of logic to your persuasion; logos-based rhetoric is founded in logic and reason rather than emotion, authority, or personality. A logic-based argument appeals to a person’s sense of reason- good logos-based rhetoric will persuade people because the argument is well-reasoned and based in fact. There are two common approaches to logos: deductive and inductive arguments. Deductive arguments build on statements to reach a conclusion- in effect, the conclusion is reached in reverse. A common method is to propose multiple true statements which are combined to reach a conclusion, such as the classic method of proving that Socrates is mortal. All men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates must be mortal. That’s not really a case that needs to be argued, but we can apply the same framework to other arguments as well. For example, we need energy to live. Food gives the body energy. Therefore, we need food to live. All of this is based on things we can prove, and results in a conclusion that is true, not just theorized. Deductive reasoning works on the assumption that A = B, B = C, so therefore A = C. But this also supposes that all the information is true, which is not always the case. Sometimes the conclusions you reach with deductive reasoning can be valid, as in the reasoning makes sense, but the conclusion may not be necessarily true. If we return to the Socrates argument, we could propose that: All men eat apples. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates must eat apples. The problem is that we can’t prove that all men eat apples- some do, some don’t. Some might eat an apple once but never again. But based on our arguments, the conclusion that Socrates must eat apples is valid. A strong deductive argument for logos-based reasoning will be composed of provable facts that can reach a provable conclusion. However, a valid but not entirely sound argument can also be effective- but be wary of shifting from persuasion to manipulation! Another approach to logos-based rhetoric is inductive reasoning, which, unlike deductive reasoning, results in a probable argument rather than a definite one. That doesn’t mean that it is less effective- many scientific concepts we accept as truth are inductive theories simply because we cannot travel back in time and prove them- but rather that inductive reasoning is based on eliminating the impossible and ending in an argument that is based in sound logic and fact, but that may not necessarily be provable. For example, all people with a cough have a cold. Kelly has a cough. Therefore, Kelly likely has a cold. Our conclusion is likely, but not absolute. It’s possible that Kelly doesn’t have a cold- not because she doesn't have a cough, but because there are other possible causes, such as having allergies or having just breathed in some dust. The conclusion that she has a cold is likely based on data, but not absolute. Another example would be that Kelly picks her nose. Kelly is a woman, therefore all women must pick their nose. Inductive reasoning is based on generalizations. The first example, in which Kelly likelyhas a cold, makes sense because it’s based on something provable- that a sampling of people who have a cough have colds- and followed up with a likely conclusion. In the second example, this is a less sensible conclusion because it’s based on extrapolation from a single reference point. If we reverse the claim and say that all women pick their noses, and Kelly is a woman, therefore Kelly must pick her nose, that would be more sound logic. Still not necessarily true- not all women pick their noses- but a more sound example of inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning can still be incredibly effective in persuasion, provided that your information is well-reasoned. Inductive reasoning creates a hypothesis that can be tested; its conclusion is not necessarily true, but can be examined. As always, be wary of venturing into manipulation, which is more likely to be based on erroneous or misleading facts. Kairos is all about the right time and place. What Is Kairos? Kairos is the Greek word for the opportune moment, which is precisely what it means in rhetoric. According to this principle, the time in which an argument is deployed is as important as the argument itself. An argument at the wrong time or to the wrong audience will be wasted; to be effective, you must also consider when you are speaking and to whom. In effect, kairos means choosing the correct rhetorical device to match the audience and space in which you’re attempting to persuade. If you wanted to persuade people to go vegetarian, the middle of a hot dog-eating contest is probably not the right time. Likewise, you’re probably not going to persuade a room of data-driven scientists of something by appealing to pathos or ethos; logos is probably your best bet. In essence, kairos asks you to consider the context and atmosphere of the argument you’re making. How can you deploy your argument better considering time and space? Should you wait, or is time of the essence? As Aristotle famously said, â€Å"Anybody can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and for the right purpose, and in the right way- that is not within everybody's power and is not easy.† The goal of kairos is to achieve exactly that. Effective use of kairos strengthens your persuasion ability by considering how people are already feeling based on context. How can you influence or counteract that? Or maybe pathos isn’t the right approach- maybe cold hard facts, using logos, is more suited. Kairos works in conjunction with the other modes of persuasion to strengthen your argument, so as you’re putting a persuasive piece together, consider how and when it’ll be deployed! Do a little detective work to figure out which mode of persuasion you're seeing. How to Identify Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos Understanding how the modes of persuasion work can make you better at identifying and picking them out. Not only is a better understanding of them useful for composing your own arguments, but it’s also beneficial when seeing other people’s arguments. When you understand how ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos work, you’re less susceptible to them. Advertising is one of the places we see the modes of persuasion most often. Looking at each of these advertisements, you can see how they use each mode of persuasion to convince audiences to convince an audience of something. Ethos Using celebrities is a classic example of ethos, which uses authority or recognition to convince an audience of something. In this case, celebrities like Michelle Obama, Lin-Manuel Miranda, and Janelle Mone discuss the importance of voting. It doesn’t matter that they’re not politicians or political scientists; audiences find themappealing and genuine. When they speak of the importance of voting, audiences listen because they like what these figures have to say. If talented, famous people like this are taking the time to vote, it must be important! Historians or those well-versed in politics might make different arguments about why audiences should vote, but in this case, the goal is to inspire people. When we see people we admire doing things, we want to do them too; hence the reason that ethos works so well. Pathos ASPCA’s commercials are some of the most infamous examples of pathos in advertising. Sarah McLachlan’s â€Å"Angel† plays over footage of abused animals in shelters, encouraging viewers to donate money to support the organization. It’s not hard to understand why it works; both the song and the imagery are heartbreaking! You can’t help but feel sad when you see it, and that sadness, when followed up by a prompt to donate, encourages you to take immediate action.And these ads are effective- the campaign raised millions of dollars for ASPCA. By appealing to our emotions and making us feel sad, this advertisement encourages us to act. That’s a classic use of ethos- it influences our feelings through the one-two punch of sad music and imagery, encouraging us to perform the desired action. Logos In some cases, emotion and authority aren’t the right tactic. Logos often appears in tech advertisements, such as this one for the iPhone XS and XR. Notice how the advertisement focuses on product shots and technological terms. Most audiences won’t know what an A12 bionic neural engine is, but it sounds impressive. Likewise, that â€Å"12 MPf/1.8 wide-angle lens, with larger, deeper 1.4 micron pixels† is pretty meaningless to most people, but the numbers suggest that this phone is something special because it uses scientific-sounding language. It doesn’t matter whether audiences really understand what’s being said or not. What matters is that they feel confident that the ad is selling them something they need- in this case, impressive technological specifications that make this phone an improvement over others. Kairos Kairos should ideally factor into all uses of the modes of persuasion, but timeliness can also be a big selling point. In this Christmas-themed MMs advertisement, the company uses timely humor to forge a connection between the holidays and MMs. Because these commercials have been running for such a long time, there’s also a nostalgic attachment to them. Just as people look forward to new Budweiser advertisements during the Super Bowl, others look forward to seeing MMs or the Coca-Cola polar bear during the holidays. Though this commercial doesn’t go out of its way to tell you the benefits of MMs, it does forge a connection between MMs and Christmas, encouraging people to purchase them around the holidays. Enhance your persuasion by better understanding ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos. Examples of the Modes of Persuasion Now that you’ve had some exposure to how ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos function and what they can do, you can test your ability to recognize them using the images below! There are a few things to notice about this image: The anonymous figure The language The use of a statistic Can you figure out which mode of persuasion this represents? The fact that the figure is anonymous tells us it’s probably not ethos. While we might be influenced by a person who’s in shape, there’s not really an appeal here based on the person- they’re just an image to support the ad. â€Å"DOMINATE† is a pretty loaded word, suggesting that this may have elements of pathos. However, take a look at that statistic. Whether it’s true or not, a hard statistic like that suggests that this ad is using logos to appeal to viewers. You can draw out an argument from there- 75% of users lose weight within weeks. You’re a user. Therefore, you will likely lose weight within weeks. What do you notice about this image? The photo The way the text frames the woman’s body The name of the perfume The color choice What mode of persuasion is this? Again, we don’t know who the model is, and perfume isn’t going to make us look like her, so we can count ethos out. The ad seems pretty intent on making us look at certain things- the woman’s lips and chest in particular. What is it trying to make us feel? â€Å"FORBIDDEN FRUIT† has a connotation of sensuality. Red is a color commonly associated with passion. When you combine the photo, the framing, the perfume name, and the color, you get a strong sense of sex appeal from the advertisement. This makes it an example of pathos- the ad is trying to make us feel a certain way. If we buy this perfume, maybe we would feel attractive, too. How about this advertisement? A serious-looking photo Text promising â€Å"no more back pain† â€Å"Doctor recommended.† Seeing a doctor might make you tempted to think the answer is logos, but there’s no appeal to logic here. â€Å"No more back pain,† is a nice promise, but there’s no attempt to appeal to emotions, so it can’t be pathos. What’s important in this image is the combination of the doctor in the image and the line â€Å"doctor recommended.† This doctor might not be famous, but he does have authority, making this an example of ethos. Our confidence in this treatment grows because we trust that a doctor understands how to address back pain. What mode of persuasion is this?Think about: The framing The model The text She does look fashionable and the ad mentions stylists, so it’s possible that this is ethos. There are no statistics or arguments being made, so the answer probably isn’t logos. Pathos is possible, but despite having a heavily made-up model, this ad is far less about sex appeal than the previous one. But the text mentions a specific holiday- New Year’s- suggesting that this is kairos. Kairos can, and often should, be combined with all the modes of persuasion to be even more effective. In this case, the model’s appearance could suggest either ethos or pathos in addition to kairos. The message here is that you should act now, at the beginning of the year, to take advantage of the deal and to start the year off with a new style, much like the one the model is sporting. A crying child is almost certainly pathos. Key Tips for Identifying Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos Now that you know the difference between all the modes of persuasion, you’ll have a much easier time identifying them. If you run into trouble, you can always ask questions about what you’re seeing, hearing, or reading to understand what mode of persuasion it’s using. #1: Is It Related to a Specific Time? If the argument is based on a specific day or context, such as Valentine’s Day or appealing only to a select group of people, such as people with dogs, it’s more likely to be kairos. #2: Does It Involve a Celebrity or Authority Figure? Celebrities are often a dead giveaway that an argument is using ethos. But authority figures, such as doctors, dentists, or politicians, can also be used to appeal to ethos. Even regular, everyday people can work, particularly when combined with pathos, to appeal to you based on a mutual connection you have. #3: Does It Involve Statistics? Statistics are a huge clue that an argument is using logos. But logos can also just be a logical argument, such as that if plants need water, and it’s hard to remember to water them, you should buy an automatic plant waterer. It makes perfect sense, making you more likely to buy it, rather than changing your habits to remember to water your plants more frequently. #4: Does It Influence Your Emotions? If an argument tries to change your emotions, whether by making you sad, happy, angry, or something else entirely, it’s a good indicator that it’s using pathos. Sex appeal is one of the biggest examples of pathos in advertising, appearing everywhere from makeup ads to car commercials to hamburger advertisements. What’s Next? Need help understanding the historical context forThe Great Gatsby to perfect your kairos-based argument? You can always combine the modes of persuasion with literary devices to make your arguments even stronger! Learn how to say "good morning" in Japanese! Even if it's not a mode of persuasion, it's just good manners. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Melissa Brinks About the Author Melissa Brinks graduated from the University of Washington in 2014 with a Bachelor's in English with a creative writing emphasis. She has spent several years tutoring K-12 students in many subjects, including in SAT prep, to help them prepare for their college education. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Critical evaluation of a published paper Assignment

Critical evaluation of a published paper - Assignment Example Generally the primary aim of the research was to compare the potential impact of bundles of both collaborative and calculative human resource management. The analysis of the impact of the intermediary practices was more of a secondary interest (Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal, 2008, p. 2042). This paper critically evaluates the research design, strategies and methods used in the research article as well as their potential drawbacks to the research. Research design and approach Generally the authors have used a quantitative research method for their empirical study regarding the relationship between human resource management practices and firm performance. The research design used is primarily based on cross sectional data derived from a recent Cranet survey of human resource management in 16 European countries. The authors collected their data through survey questionnaire which were appropriately translated and mailed to the respective human resource managers of the selected sample nati onal firms in all the countries The resulted suggested that 5/6 of the calculative practices as well as two thirds of the intermediary practices had a significant impact on the performance. On the other hand, the analysis of the data further revealed that none of the collaborative practices had any impact on human resource management performance. ... On the hand, the independent variables used in the research were the various HRM practices that were obtained from a comprehensive literature review by the researchers. These variables were analyzed using SPSS and the results obtained were then used to support the hypothesis of the researchers. Benefits of the research design and approach There are a number of benefits of the research design that the authors used. For example, while the method use in data collection was too simple it provided the needed information to the researchers. One of the strengths of the research design used is that the literature review has offered a proper basis for the research as it clearly brings out principles and schools of thought that concern the research. For instance the review addresses some of the issues attributed to management system that aims to give the human resource new knowledge, information, motivation that results to a better workforce and commitment (Wright and Snell, 1998, p.764). To v alidate their findings, the authors have also used a comprehensive literature review in their study. A well outlined and detailed literature review with a detailed introduction to the research was a very good approach towards undertake of this research. The difference between calculative and intermediary HRM bundles and also collaborative HRM bundles has been well outlined. On the other hand, the method of analysis employed by the researchers included the use control variables that effectively provided a broad macrocontext of operation for the sample firms. Consequently this enabled the researchers to control the differences such as institutional settings and the variation in the economic conditions

The Effects of Pain-Relief Methods on Low-Risk Childbearing Women Thesis

The Effects of Pain-Relief Methods on Low-Risk Childbearing Women Delivered by Midwives - Thesis Example It is a well-known framework in the practice of midwifery that normal processes of pregnancy and birth can be facilitated through education, health care, and supportive information. These would involve both the clients and their families and would need physical care, emotional and social support, and involvement of family members taking into account the cultural values and personal preferences regarding health care (Begley, 2002, 310-317). Therefore, not only continuity of competent clinical management and care, but also there are important components of holistic care of the individual and promotion of health education. Since midwifery is all about empowering the women to join in the decision-making process and urging her to speak for herself, the patients' experiences are important in building a theory about a particular health condition. Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon while its management is not. Care of the mothers during the intrapartum period is crucial since this takes care of the mother and the baby at the same time. Immense development in the healthcare front and its related knowledge has changed the scenario in maternity and child health in the developed world (Eberhardie, 1998, 149-152), where evidence-based regulations and guidelines work in the hospital setting as well as in the community to serve the pregnant laboring mothers with the best possible care, even though it is delivered by the midwives. On the contrary, in the undeveloped and underdeveloped world, the picture is different, due to many reasons. The state and government and politics play a large role in policy making, and there is a diminished priority to such issues (Carr, 2003, 393-397). Developing care is a derivative of the education and knowledge of the midwives who offer care, whether it is in the hospital or in the community. If state nursing and midwifery education system is not modernized, there is a high chance that despite a good intent, the care by the midwives would be aff ected, and ultimately, the standard of care and satisfaction with care would be reflected through the perceptions of the patients. Latendresse et al. (2005) speculate that the quality of midwifery care contributes to shorter and easier labor, which may, in turn, reduce the risk of complications (Latendresse et al., 2005, 386-391). This practice could have an advantage not only by reducing maternal mortality and morbidity but also in terms of value for money which is a critical factor for all countries (Bernis et al., 2003, 39-57). Whatever may be the country of the mother, any mother passes through latent, active, and transitional phases of the different stages of labor, and these psychological changes have the great impact on the laboring mother, and these usually intensify as the labor progresses. These comprise a means of evaluation of a woman's progress in labor and how she is coping with the demands being placed upon her by labor and the environment within which she is laboring.

Different Sociological Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Different Sociological Perspectives Essay Critically Analyse and Evalute The Different Sociological Perspectives On The Types of Family And Households In Britain. Evaluate Their Functions And Roles. To What Extent Do They Take Into Account The Diversity of Family Types In Britain? In this essay I will be looking at the different sociological theories as they relate to the family household, functions and roles. The socialists include The Functionalist , The Marxist, The Feminists, The New Rights and The Post Modernisms. There is an array of different family types. These include the nuclear family, reconstituted family/step family, single parent family, cultural family, and even more so in the modern times an evolution of different and alternative family types are getting more common such as gay families. The nuclear family is seen as the most traditional family type. It is one where you have a married couple with children, whereby the male is the head of the household and the sole breadwinner and the female takes on the responsibilities of the household and the care of the children. This type of family was a very common type in the early days compared to the present period in the Europe however, according to Browne (n.d), Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are most likely to live in the traditional nuclear family type. In modern days with divorce on the increase nuclear family types have been replaced with reconstituted families and single parented families. Reconstituted families consist of separated or divorced people who enter a new relationship with someone that already has children. Single parented families are one that consists of one parent that takes care of the child. According to Browne (n.d) ninety per cent of this type of family is headed by women. The nuclear family is the family type that is regarded to the Functionalist, Marxists and the New Rights as the most ideal. The main functionalists’ theories of the family are G.P Murdock and Talcott Parsons. They view the family as a tool in order for the society to function. Ken Browne (n.d) suggests that the Functionalists believe that the development of an individual is helped by the upbringing from the family. The reason why Parsons believes in the nuclear family is because he believes that the male and the female both serve a role within the family that benefits society. He believes that the female has an expressive role whereby the females’ nature is to be emotionally supportive to her children and husband, providing them with love and nurture. The males’ role is to be instrumental, whereby his duty is to be the provider of the family. Browne (n.d) suggests that Parsons states that the male instrumental role can cause stress and anxiety in which the females’ expressive role takes place in order to soothe her husbands’ tension. The problem with this view is that the functionalists do not take into account that now in modern times we have an array of family types and family roles have been reversed. For instance, it is very common now for a woman to have a job and be the breadwinner in helping maintain the family. It is also very common for men to be the main carer of the home and the children, especially when you take into account that the rise of unemployed men is high due to the recession, and as a result of this, men are actually taking expressive role into action and the female the instrumental role. And also the nuclear family is now decreasing. The tradition of children within a marriage isn’t as common as it was in the past as now cohabitation is a common family type. Also divorce rates are high resulting in reconstituted families and single families. The expression for the instrumental and expressive roles isn’t as valid when you apply them into the roles of the sexes, as now with the increase of different family types the roles can be reversed or one parent could provide the instrumental and expressive role. Marxists do not view the family as acting in the interest of society as a whole but more in the form of a superstructure that benefits the capitalist system. â€Å"Marxist see the family within the framework of a capitalist society, which is based on private property, driven by profit and is riddled with conflict between social classes with opposing interest†. (Browne pg 123) According to the Marxists the industrial aspects and the reproduction of people and generations contributes to the system by them working to maintain the economic system. This view on the family fails to take into account the sociological benefits a family can have outside of the industrial perspective. Brown (n.d) states that Engles, an early Marxists, believed that the monogamous practice of the nuclear family guarantees the paternity of the children, therefore ensuring that private property was passed down to the right people. There is also the perception that women married for material gain as, like t he functionalists, they believed men should be the breadwinners and women should stay home and take care of the children. As their view concentrates mainly on the structural perspectives to society they fail to take into account the emotional side of the family and the fact that couples do actual marry for love. As I mentioned earlier, it is now very common for women to work and earn their own money and to be independent therefore minimising Engles’ view on the perception that women married for money and security. Their view on the importance of the nuclear family suggests they do not recognise the wide diversity in the families we now have today as not all families are nuclear. Reconstituted families, in some cases property or money could be shared equally amongst step-children and paternal children, this also indicates that Engles hadn’t taken to account the varieties of the different family types. However, in most Muslim marriages they tend to be arranged and due to the strong religious influence divorce rates are dramatically low in comparison with European and Afro-Caribbean marriages . Due to the nuclear family setting in Muslim marriages, Engles theory would best describes them. Browne (n.d) states that the Marxist Feminist has an extended view on the Marxist perspective as the feminists focuses mainly on the female contribution to the family. They highlight the key issues on the negative effects of family life towards women, e.g. domestic violence, which the Functionalist and the Marxists do not acknowledge. Radical Feminist highlights that patriarchy is the cause of restriction on women. They highlight that the duty that women undertake as carer of children restricts them in their workplace and that the upbringing they give to their children socializes them so that they are fit for the working environment. They believe that women’s unpaid domestic labour benefits the capitalist system. The key problem with the Marxist feminists is that they do not take into account the diversity of modern families. It’s as if they assume that every family consists of a heterosexual nuclear family. Gay families as well as other types of families are not even taken into account in this view. Browne suggests that they also paint a very negative perspective of family life making the family to the woman a burden when in reality not all women feel this way. Some women love the fact that they are considered in their family as the main nurturer, and in other families the roles are shared equally between the mother and father as it very common for both parents to work. With this said as women have their own source of income women are less obliged to remain with their partner if they are unhappy, highlighting the fact that, according to Browne (n.d) , 70 per cent of women initiate divorces. The New Right theory is politically themed as opposed to socially. They believe that the decline in the traditional nuclear family contributes to various social problems such as spending on welfare, underachievement and the existence of the ‘underclass’ (criminals). The New Right do not take into account that some nuclear families do also have their problems. The feminists have addressed that domestic violence does take place within the nuclear family. This in turn could affect a child to the point where that child is deeply affected by these incidents within the family home which results him/her to be a nuisance to society in which case, a single parented family would indeed lessen the problems as the domestic problem would have been taken out of the equation. The functions of the New Rights are just indeed theories that all of which do not have any evidence to back them up. The Post Modernisms embraces every family type and states that no family structure should be considered as more desirable than others. They state that an individual can experience various family structures throughout their lifespan. Although the Post Modernism’s theory does not discriminate households that are deemed as ‘not ideal for society’ by other socialist groups, they appear not to have any boundaries which can be detrimental for society and the individual as they do not enforce a degree of structure. The commonality between all the sociological theories that I have discussed so far is that none of them have taken into account the cultural differences and views of the family. The nuclear family is not universally accepted. An example of this shown by (FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD BOOKLET-NO AUTHOR/DATE) mentions that Kibbutz, an Israeli family type, is one that consists of the community taking on the responsibility of the family as opposed to the parents. (THE BOOK STATES) â€Å"In the early Kibbutzim, childrearing was separated as much as possible from the marriage relationship, with children kept apart from their natural parents for much of the time and brought up in the children’s house by metapelets†¦. It is one of the most famous and successful attempts to establish an alternative to the family†. (p117) The Jewish way of life proves that other family type such as theirs can be successful, shadowing the Nuclear family type status to be the most effective way of family life. Another example as to why cultural differences have been overlooked is that Polygyny tends to be quite common in the Muslim culture. This type of family setting would not go in the favour of what the Marxist stand for as the Marxist believes in the monogamy setting where one husband and one wife is all that is required. The fact that socialists’ still use theories from the earlier period shows that their perspectives are very old fashioned and dated. In the earlier days the numbers of ethnic minorities, homosexuality and divorce in Great Britain was considerably lower to the numbers of today. This suggests that the perspectives were aimed solely for the European nuclear society. As the number of ethnic minorities, homosexuality and divorce features so largely in Britain, the perspectives is in some need of amending as they do not benefit people from different family types and cultures. Bibliography Aiken Dave; Chapman Steve: Moore Stephen, (n.d), Sociology AS For AQA Browne Ken, (n.d), Sociology for AS AQA 3rd Edition New Right and Postmodernist, (n.d), To introduce New Right and Postmodernist perspectives on the nuclear family, available at: http://www.educationforum.co.uk/sociology_2/post.htm Postmodern Sociology, (n.d), available at: http://www.allaboutworldview.org/postmodern-sociology.htm

The Conflict in the Balkans Essays -- War Violence Serbia Military Swi

The Conflict in the Balkans The conflict in the Balkans is interesting because for years, reporters and politicians have touted it as being the result of ancient ethnic hatred. The first phase of Yugoslavian disintegration can be attributed to the conditions of the people living in Kosovo, an autonomous province of Yugoslavia. In 1981, the socioeconomic conditions in Kosovo were far worse than those in the other republics of Yugoslavia. Poverty was rampant and unemployment was around twenty percent as compared to about two percent in Slovenia that same year. The standard of living in Kosovo was deplorable and whatever aid was given to the province by the federal government was mismanaged. Another significant problem with this particular province was that while the Serbs claimed the province as the â€Å"Cradle of Serbian Empire† because of a legendary battle and defeat that happened at Kosovo in 1389. The Albanians constituted approximately eighty percent of the population of Kosovo. In reality, Kosovo c ould be claimed more by the Albanian majority than by the Serb minority. Many of the valiant warriors who fought and died at the Battle of Kosovo were in fact Albanian warriors, a fact seldom acknowledged by the Serb leadership. The â€Å"Serb Empire† was not as grand and powerful as modern Serbia would contend. Relations between Albanians and Serbs were good in the Middle Ages. Under independent rule, the region was able to make available an Albanian curriculum and Albanian culture grew in importance. Economically, however, Kosovo was still suffering since whatever gains the economy made were outdone by the gains in population made by the Albanian Muslims. The power in Kosovo was vested in a small group of elite Albanians who did well at advancing national identity and improving education and other public works but who were poor at managing and maintaining a functional economy. Whenever federal funds were given to the province, those elites at the top either wasted the money on grandiose projects and ornate buildings or on their new and privileged lifestyles. In the late 1980’s, Slobodan Milosevic came to power in Serbia. His first actions were directed against Kosovo Albanian dominance in the province. He removed virtually all of the Albanian’s rights, their leadership role in government, their party, and their parliament. He further removed their control of ... ...t this help, something could be done against the police and army. The citizens could be taught to take a stand and protect themselves in a non-violent way. Having the knowledge that how you are living is not wrong and that the action by higher authority is not right, can make strength grow. The bottom line is that something needs to be done about the way citizens are treated in Albania. Maybe it isn’t the place for the USA to step in, but on the other hand we could help them. In the near future things need to change over there but it is going to be a feat to get through to them. Nothing is ever a guarantee but every try is worth it to the citizens. Works Cited CIA World Factbook 2000 Serbia and Montenegro 1999. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sr.html Human Rights Watch. Yugoslav Military and Serbian Police Commit War Crimes in Kosovo 30 Jun. 1998. http://www.hrw.org/hrw/press98/june/kosov630.htm Malerba, Ainello D. â€Å"The Long Hard Road† The Washington Post July, 1995: 57-69 The U.S. Swiss Embassy Ustasha http://www.usis.usemb.se/nazigold/ustasha.html Visiglia, Michael A. Baltic Conflicts New York, New York: Workman, 1987

Deception Point Page 16

For the next sixty seconds, Marjorie Tench outlined why the President would be sending her to the CNN debate instead of some lowly campaign staffer. When Tench was finished, the President could only stare in amazement. Once again, Marjorie Tench had proven herself a political genius. 18 The Milne Ice Shelf is the largest solid ice floe in the Northern Hemisphere. Located above the Eighty-second Parallel on the northernmost coast of Ellesmere Island in the high Arctic, the Milne Ice Shelf is four miles wide and reaches thicknesses of over three hundred feet. Now, as Rachel climbed into the Plexiglas enclosure atop the ice tractor, she was grateful for the extra parka and gloves waiting for her on her seat, as well as the heat pouring out of the tractor's vents. Outside, on the ice runway, the F-14's engines roared, and the plane began taxiing away. Rachel looked up in alarm. â€Å"He's leaving?† Her new host climbed into the tractor, nodding. â€Å"Only science personnel and immediate NASA support team members are allowed on-site.† As the F-14 tore off into the sunless sky, Rachel felt suddenly marooned. â€Å"We'll be taking the IceRover from here,† the man said. â€Å"The administrator is waiting.† Rachel gazed out at the silvery path of ice before them and tried to imagine what the hell the administrator of NASA was doing up here. â€Å"Hold on,† the NASA man shouted, working some levers. With a grinding growl, the machine rotated ninety degrees in place like a treaded army tank. It was now facing the high wall of a snow berm. Rachel looked at the steep incline and felt a ripple of fear. Surely he doesn't intend to- â€Å"Rock and roll!† The driver popped the clutch, and the craft accelerated directly toward the slope. Rachel let out a muffled cry and held on. As they hit the incline, the spiked treads tore into the snow, and the contraption began to climb. Rachel was certain they would tip over backward, but the cabin remained surprisingly horizontal as the treads clawed up the slope. When the huge machine heaved up onto the crest of the berm, the driver brought it to a stop and beamed at his white-knuckled passenger. â€Å"Try that in an SUV! We took the shock-system design from the Mars Pathfinder and popped it on this baby! Worked like a charm.† Rachel gave a wan nod. â€Å"Neat.† Sitting now atop the snow berm, Rachel looked out at the inconceivable view. One more large berm stood before them, and then the undulations stopped abruptly. Beyond, the ice smoothed into a glistening expanse that was inclined ever so slightly. The moonlit sheet of ice stretched out into the distance, where it eventually narrowed and snaked up into the mountains. â€Å"That's the Milne Glacier,† the driver said, pointing up into the mountains. â€Å"Starts up there and flows down into this wide delta that we're sitting on now.† The driver gunned the engine again, and Rachel held on as the craft accelerated down the steep face. At the bottom, they clawed across another ice river and rocketed up the next berm. Mounting the crest and quickly skimming down the far side, they slid out onto a smooth sheet of ice and started crunching across the glacier. â€Å"How far?† Rachel saw nothing but ice in front of them. â€Å"About two miles ahead.† Rachel thought it seemed far. The wind outside pounded the IceRover in relentless gusts, rattling the Plexiglas as if trying to hurl them back toward the sea. â€Å"That's the katabatic wind,† the driver yelled. â€Å"Get used to it!† He explained that this area had a permanent offshore gale called the katabatic-Greek for flowing downhill. The relentless wind was apparently the product of heavy, cold air â€Å"flowing† down the glacial face like a raging river downhill. â€Å"This is the only place on earth,† the driver added, laughing, â€Å"where hell actually freezes over!† Several minutes later, Rachel began to see a hazy shape in the distance in front of them-the silhouette of an enormous white dome emerging from the ice. Rachel rubbed her eyes. What in the world†¦? â€Å"Big Eskimos up here, eh?† the man joked. Rachel tried to make sense of the structure. It looked like a scaled-down Houston Astrodome. â€Å"NASA put it up a week and a half ago,† he said. â€Å"Multistage inflatable plexipolysorbate. Inflate the pieces, affix them to one another, connect the whole thing to the ice with pitons and wires. Looks like an enclosed big top tent, but it's actually the NASA prototype for the portable habitat we hope to use on Mars someday. We call it a ‘habisphere.'† â€Å"Habisphere?† â€Å"Yeah, get it? Because it's not a whole sphere, it's only habi-sphere.† Rachel smiled and stared out at the bizarre building now looming closer on the glacial plain. â€Å"And because NASA hasn't gone to Mars yet, you guys decided to have a big sleepover out here instead?† The man laughed. â€Å"Actually, I would have preferred Tahiti, but fate pretty much decided the location.† Rachel gazed uncertainly up at the edifice. The off-white shell was a ghostly contour against a dark sky. As the IceRover neared the structure, it ground to a stop at a small door on the side of the dome, which was now opening. Light from inside spilled out onto the snow. A figure stepped out. He was a bulky giant wearing a black fleece pullover that amplified his size and made him look like a bear. He moved toward the IceRover. Rachel had no doubt who the huge man was: Lawrence Ekstrom, administrator of NASA. The driver gave a solacing grin. â€Å"Don't let his size fool you. The guy's a pussycat.† More like a tiger, Rachel thought, well acquainted with Ekstrom's reputation for biting the heads off those who stood in the way of his dreams. When Rachel climbed down from the IceRover, the wind almost blew her over. She wrapped the coat around herself and moved toward the dome. The NASA administrator met her halfway, extending a huge gloved paw. â€Å"Ms. Sexton. Thank you for coming.† Rachel nodded uncertainly and shouted over the howling wind. â€Å"Frankly, sir, I'm not sure I had much choice.† A thousand meters farther up the glacier, Delta-One gazed through infrared binoculars and watched as the administrator of NASA ushered Rachel Sexton into the dome. 19 NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom was a giant of a man, ruddy and gruff, like an angry Norse god. His prickly blond hair was cropped military short above a furrowed brow, and his bulbous nose was spidered with veins. At the moment, his stony eyes drooped with the weight of countless sleepless nights. An influential aerospace strategist and operations adviser at the Pentagon before his appointment to NASA, Ekstrom had a reputation for surliness matched only by his incontestable dedication to whatever mission was at hand. As Rachel Sexton followed Lawrence Ekstrom into the habisphere, she found herself walking through an eerie, translucent maze of hallways. The labyrinthine network appeared to have been fashioned by hanging sheets of opaque plastic across tautly strung wires. The floor of the maze was nonexistent-a sheet of solid ice, carpeted with strips of rubber matting for traction. They passed a rudimentary living area lined with cots and chemical toilets. Thankfully, the air in the habisphere was warm, albeit heavy with the mingled potpourri of indistinguishable smells that accompany humans in tight quarters. Somewhere a generator droned, apparently the source of the electricity that powered the bare bulbs hanging from draped extension cords in the hallway. â€Å"Ms. Sexton,† Ekstrom grunted, guiding her briskly toward some unknown destination. â€Å"Let me be candid with you right from the start.† His tone conveyed anything but pleasure to have Rachel as his guest. â€Å"You are here because the President wants you here. Zach Herney is a personal friend of mine and a faithful NASA supporter. I respect him. I owe him. And I trust him. I do not question his direct orders, even when I resent them. Just so there is no confusion, be aware that I do not share the President's enthusiasm for involving you in this matter.†

Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory

Protected* Populations – Examples include, but are not limited to: Children/Minors (under the age of 18) (Exception – projects conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices. Contact IRB office for guidance. ) Prisoners (now includes non-publicly available secondary data) Pregnant women Fetuses and products of labor and delivery People with diminished capacity to give consent Mentally or physically challenged individuals *Sensitive Information – Examples include, but are not limited to: Information relating to an individual’s psychological well being or mental health Information relating to sexual attitudes, preferences, or practices Information relating to the use of alcohol or drugs Information relating to illegal behavior Information that if released could reasonably place the individual at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the individual’s financial standing, employability, or reputation Information that would normally be recorded in a patient’s medical record and the disclosure could reasonably lead to discrimination, stigmatization, etc. There are several categories of protected subjects. Children – Subpart D of the federal regulations protecting human subjects, incorporated in Georgetown's policies, provides additional protections for children. Research with children as subjects can be exempt in only two instances: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Prisoners – Subpart C to the governing regulations provides additional safeguards for prisoners as research subjects. Essentially, the regulations are designed to discourage the use of prisoners as subjects unless the research will materially affect the lives of prisoners. They are not, in other words, to be used as a captive population. An IRB that reviews a protocol with prisoners as subjects must have a prisoner representative on the committee. 3. A. Children Children are considered to be protected because their youth may make full understanding of the risks and benefits of a study impossible, making them unable to make a truly informed decision. Recognizing that regulations may vary from state to state and country to country, the IRB defines a child as any individual under the age of 18. If a study will occur in an area where different legal definitions exist, the researcher should incorporate this information into the proposal if he or she is seeking a waiver of requirements for this protected population. If the subjects of a study will be children, the researcher is expected to respect each child as an autonomous being. Consequently, the researcher must secure the assent of each child as well as the consent of the child’s parents / guardians or legal representatives. If a child cannot read, the consent process will need to be adapted to provide the information orally. Documentation of the child’s assent and the consent of parents or guardians must follow the guidelines for informed consent. Each class of subjects that one might consider to be incompetent, such as young children, should be considered on their own terms. â€Å"Respect† requires giving them the opportunity to choose whether to participate to the extent they are able to make a decision. Researchers are not required to obtain a child’s assent if the child is incapable of providing it. Each individual child’s ability to assent must be determined. In other words, researchers cannot assume that all children below a certain age are unable to assent. Even a very young child may be capable of understanding what is proposed and thus can agree or decline to participate. In rare instances, a child’s assent may not be required if the intervention or procedure is likely to benefit the well-being of the child directly and is available only in the context of the research. This situation occurs most frequently in biomedical research. In determining whether children are capable of assenting, the IRB will take into account the ages, maturity, and psychological state of the children involved. This judgment may be made for all children to be involved in research under a particular protocol, or for each child, as the IRB deems appropriate. When interacting with children, use language the child can understand and present concepts in a way the child can grasp. Researchers should also take care that the child does not feel pressured by the researcher as an adult (authority figure) or by the child’s parent, guardian, or legal representative—other authority figures. In studies that involve more than minimal risk, obtain consent from both parents, if possible. (See â€Å"Studies with *Children*—More than Minimal Risk. â€Å") For minimal risk studies, consent from one parent is sufficient. Consent from one parent is also permitted if a parent is deceased, unknown, incompetent, or not reasonably available, or if one parent has legal responsibility for the care and custody of the child. In the absence of a parent or parents able to give consent, consent may be given by a child’s legal guardian or legal representative. Children who are wards of the state or of any agency, institution, or other entity may participate in research only if the study (1) is related to the children’s status as wards, or (2) will be conducted in schools, camps, hospitals, institutions, or similar settings in which the majority of children involved as subjects are not wards (that is, the fact that an individual subject is a ward is incidental). In these situations, researchers must provide for the appointment of an advocate for each child who is a ward. The advocate is in addition to the child’s guardian or legal representative, and he or she must have the background and experience necessary to act in the best interests of the child for the duration of the child’s participation in the research. An individual may serve as advocate for more than one child; the advocate may not be associated in any way with the proposed research, the researcher(s), or the child’s guardian organization. (See 45CFR46, Subpart D. )

Free Essays on United States Immigration Policy

The United State’s immigration policy has undergone great change since the turn of the 20th century. Many things have contributed to this change, such as political problems, poverty, lack of jobs, and in fact our changing policy. The countries affected by these problems may have changed but the problems themselves have not. No matter what the location or time period, people have been driven from their homeland as result of political disputes. There will always be poor, 3rd world countries that can not create a prosperous environment for their people. As a result of general poverty, few jobs are available, which forces citizens to look beyond the borders for work. Our changing immigration policy is motivation for some immigrants to come to America. If the U.S. is accepting a high number of one country’s immigrants, than many of their citizens will emigrate for America, some legally and others illegally. The United State’s has changed its immigration policy many ti mes in the last 100 years but the reasons for resettlement have remained generally the same. The early 1900s was a period of mass immigration for the United States. At the turn of the 20th century religious preferences and political persecution were major reasons behind immigration. Many Jews came to America in search of freedom. People of other religious backgrounds also came because the United States was composed of a diverse group of people with different religious preferences. The immigrants did not feel like outcasts in America. Political persecution in Russia forced many of its citizens to emigrate. Most chose to come to America because the country was culturally diverse and they could feel safe there. Economic problems at this time also drove people to America. Many countries around the world were just starting to develop so they were poor and lacked jobs. Their citizens were in desperate need of money; so many fathers immigrated to America in search of a job to sup... Free Essays on United States Immigration Policy Free Essays on United States Immigration Policy The United State’s immigration policy has undergone great change since the turn of the 20th century. Many things have contributed to this change, such as political problems, poverty, lack of jobs, and in fact our changing policy. The countries affected by these problems may have changed but the problems themselves have not. No matter what the location or time period, people have been driven from their homeland as result of political disputes. There will always be poor, 3rd world countries that can not create a prosperous environment for their people. As a result of general poverty, few jobs are available, which forces citizens to look beyond the borders for work. Our changing immigration policy is motivation for some immigrants to come to America. If the U.S. is accepting a high number of one country’s immigrants, than many of their citizens will emigrate for America, some legally and others illegally. The United State’s has changed its immigration policy many ti mes in the last 100 years but the reasons for resettlement have remained generally the same. The early 1900s was a period of mass immigration for the United States. At the turn of the 20th century religious preferences and political persecution were major reasons behind immigration. Many Jews came to America in search of freedom. People of other religious backgrounds also came because the United States was composed of a diverse group of people with different religious preferences. The immigrants did not feel like outcasts in America. Political persecution in Russia forced many of its citizens to emigrate. Most chose to come to America because the country was culturally diverse and they could feel safe there. Economic problems at this time also drove people to America. Many countries around the world were just starting to develop so they were poor and lacked jobs. Their citizens were in desperate need of money; so many fathers immigrated to America in search of a job to sup...

The Best Ways to Soothe Hot Pepper Burning

The Best Ways to Soothe Hot Pepper Burning Hot peppers can add a kick to spicy foods, but if you get it on your hands or in your eyes or eat one thats just too hot, you should know how to take away the burn. Why Hot Peppers Burn In order to soothe the burn of a hot pepper, it helps to understand why it feels hot. The sensation of heat comes from capsaicin, the active compound in hot peppers, binding to the sensory receptors in your mouth or skin that detect heat. These neurons fire off a painful warning when they detect a temperature hot enough to harm tissue. Your body reacts to capsaicin the same as it would to a high temperature, even though no actual heat is present. To stop the burn, you have to remove the capsaicin from the binding site or dilute it so the sensation isnt as intense. How to Make Hot Peppers Stop Burning The key is to either absorb the capsaicin or dissolve it. If you have hot peppers on your hands, youll just spread it around if you try to rinse it with water. You can remove capsaicin by wiping it away using vegetable oil or butter or you can use dishwashing soap to lift it off the skin. Rinsing your hands in dilute bleach solution also helps. Any food that acts like a sponge due to sheer bulk will help absorb the heat and mellow it. You can dissolve capsaicin in alcohol, but it cant be too diluted. A shot of tequila might help, while a sip from a margarita would be pointless. Food thats high in oil or fat dissolves the capsaicin, so it cant continue to bind heat receptors. Your best bet? Full fat sour cream or ice cream. Dairy (sour cream, milk, cheese, ice cream): The fat helps dissolve the capsaicin.Oil or oily foods: If you can stand it, swish oil around in your mouth and spit it out to clear the burn. For a tastier option eat a spoonful of peanut butter or honey.Acidic food: Acidic foods, like lemons, limes, and tomatoes, help to neutralize some of the activity of alkaline capsaicinoids.Bulky food, like chips, rice or bread: Starchy foods act like sponges, soaking up excess capsaicin. These foods wont cool the burn, but theyll keep it from getting worse over time.Sugar: The Scoville scale, used to measure the heat of a pepper, was based on how much sugar water it takes to dilute a pepper to where it doesnt burn. How to Make It Even Worse If youve eaten a spicy pepper and you think the heat is unbearable, depending on what you eat or drink to soothe the burn you can make it a lot worse! Foods that are mostly water just spread the capsaicin around, sort of like an oil spill on water. Even if your food or drink is icy cold, it wont help the problem. Liquids that will only make the burn worse include water, beer, coffee, and soda. The alcohol in beer or wine wont dissolve the capsaicin, but if you ingest enough alcohol, the burn from hot peppers wont be as uncomfortable. Thats simply intoxication dulling your senses and not any reaction with the hot pepper.

CPU as the Central Processing Unit of the Personal Computer Assignment

CPU as the Central Processing Unit of the Personal Computer - Assignment Example Random Access Memory (RAM) is the other hardware which must also be checked to make sure it has sufficient amount of memory available for CPU in order to execute its commands. However if processor is replaced with a faster processor it will change the number of operations it can perform in a second. A processor having 1 GHz of speed will be able to make 1000 clock cycles in a second. Every command which user executes require specific number of clock cycles for the execution of work, and by increasing the speed of processor will optimize the execution which will make a particular CPU more efficient and will complete assigned tasks faster as it can (Torres, 2012). 2. Discuss disk fragmentation. Include performance, what causes it and how to fix it. There is another performance issue which is greatly overlooked is known as Disk Fragmentation which is occurred with the passage of time and usage of the system’s disk. On a newly formatted disk files and programs run faster and quick er but as time passes by it starts taking time to load large data files into the memory. Causes of Fragmentation: Disk fragmentation start taking place when the disk file system cannot find adequate amount of contiguous space for storing a complete file as a complete unit, but as an alternative it break a particular file in parts and then stores those parts in free gaps between other files. These gaps are caused due to a previously existing file which must have been deleted or altered or moved to another location (May, 2012). Countermeasures Partitioning: It is regarded as a common approach to optimize defragmentation in which the hard disk is separated into partitions. The partitions are created into sections of read and writes which allows volatile zones to remain separate (Hameed, 2008). Offline defragmentation: This process involves the existence of immovable system files which is also termed as a swap file can hinder the process of defragmentation. These files can be securely m oved when the operating system is not in the working state. 3. List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multitasking Operating systems. Multitasking operating systems has the ability to run multiple programs to execute at a time. They are also capable of managing preemptive multitasking in which the OS allocates specified time to the applications running on the computer. Here are the advantages of Multitask OS: A multi-task OS can manage various processes simultaneously by sharing CPU time among the processes. Switches between operations are so frequent that user can easily interact with every running program. Multitask OS increases user productivity and allows easy transferring of data. This functionality also increases CPU utilization which allows processor to work smoothly on threads (bizymoms.com, 2011). Here are some of the disadvantages of Multitask OS: For a new user multitask OS will create a sense of confusion and he/she will get lost while working. In some case s it happens that the processing power and performance of the system is affected which slows down the CPU speed (May, 2012). PART 2 1. Can computer programs be developed with zero defects? Explain with supporting facts. Yes computer programs can be developed with zero defects but this state is very difficult to achieve. When the software or program starts increasing in size and complexity it becomes difficult to locate defects in the programs.  

How to quit smoking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to quit smoking - Research Paper Example It also lays a great impact on people who do not smoke but are exposed to second hand smoke and they also become susceptible to the development of disease. Smoking affects the major systems of the human body which include the cardiovascular system as well as the respiratory system and is associated with major pathological conditions affecting the heart and can also result in cancer of the lung. Smoking also increases the economic burden of the country owing to the large amounts of money that need to be spent on the medical expenditures of the smokers. A survey in year 2004 revealed the fact that $96 billion had to be spent on the health care costs of the smokers owing to the pathologies resulting directly due to smoking. Hence the severity of the issue makes it important that strategies should be formulated to assist individuals in overcoming these problems of smoking and to quit smoking as this can be beneficial for the individuals as well as for the state (Centers for Disease Contr ol and Prevention 2010). Strategies employed by the state can serve to be very useful in reducing the number of smokers. This was proved by the statistics for the state of California where the percentage of smokers reduced from 22.7 percent to 13.3 percent from the year 1988 to 2006. The policies used by the state included the elevation in the cost of the cigarettes accompanied by other important techniques which included reduction in advertisements and promotions of cigarettes. This led not only in reduction of the number of smokers but it was also associated with decrease in the number of pathological conditions in the state associated with smoking (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010). The goal of quitting smoking is not very easy and it requires extreme will power and determination. Many people do not choose to quit smoking owing to the fact that when they stop smoking, it leads to increase in their weight. This is because leaving smoking is linked to increased cravi ng for sweet foods and this leads to increased consumption of calories. To tackle this issue different methods have been prescribed to overcome the problem of smoking as well as the gain of weight that may follow. It is advised that the smokers should start eating a healthy and balances diet. This should be accompanied by regular exercises and work outs. This is because exercise and healthy eating habits are associated with burning of calories and at the same time it leads to reducing the stress that a person may experience due to leaving smoking. This is also very helpful because it can lead to the improvement of cardiovascular system boost the physical health of the individual (Marcus et al 2004). The initiative should be taken by the government for promoting individuals from quitting smoking. This includes awareness programs along with the constellation of other techniques which include the utilization of media to promote the benefits of quitting smoking. The awareness programs s hould be started from schools so that the youths are trained against adapting to these habits. The prices of cigarettes should be raised along with the taxes to make the people think regarding their choice of smoking. The methods that are available for helping individuals who smoke should also be explained to these people. These strategies will assist people in setting their goals to work towards quitting smoking (Ranney et