Theory Of Knowledge And Its Justification

Hypothesis Of Knowledge And Its Justification In our fields of study, for example, Natural Sciences, Human Sciences, and history, we look to discover request against the immense measure of vulnerabilities. To discover this request, we will anticipate the reason, and afterward endeavor to clarify and comprehend the wonders, regardless of whether physical, enthusiastic, or mental. The heading we take to discover these defenses is totally different. The information on characteristic sciences, and information on history becomes included by the possibility that information all by itself is our convictions bolstered by proof, and advocated for their sureness and truth.‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ®Justify,‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ¯ holds to demonstrate something right, and to help our convictions. To legitimize in certain occasions is preclude the peculiarity, to refute some other person or thing. We as the knower, and the attendant of information relates it to a wide range of fields. These fields are totally associated with one another with one shared t rait, information, and the support of our own convictions that hold to be true.Faculty of Natural SciencesOlen thought about the degrees of assurance, and the degrees of avocation. Would we be able to demonstrate something to be more genuine than the other? He clarified the ‚⠡â‚â ®justificationâ‚⠡â‚â ¯ of contemplations through ‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ®Justification Chainsâ‚⠡â‚â ¯ and ‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ®Webs of Belief.â‚⠡â‚â ¯ However, there were a few irregularities in a ‚⠡â‚â ®justification chain.â‚⠡â‚â ¯ This chain was direct, yet is all our insight one straight line? Our thoughts originate from anyplace and all over the place, thusly, don't concur with the support chain. One model can be stemmed structure the Natural Sciences.Natural Sciences try to discover regularities over the physical marvels. Its primary objective is to clarify and comprehend this marvels, however it should initially anticipate the reason. The researcher at that point makes the speculation to the issue. Without the formation of this theory, in science there would be not method of demonstrating and defending the speculation. To legitimize in the characteristic sciences...

Math Self-efficacy

Math Self-viability 1 Running head: SELF-EFFICACY AND STANDARDIZED TEST PERFORMANCE Accepted for distribution in the Journal of Educational Psychology. This form may marginally vary from the distributed rendition. Does Math Self-adequacy Mediate the Effect of the Perceived Classroom Environment on Standardized Math Test Performance? Lisa A. Quick University of California, Riverside James Lewis University of California, Riverside Michael J. Bryant California Institute of the Arts Kathleen A. Bocian University of California, Riverside Richard A.Cardullo University of California, Riverside Michael Rettig University of California, Riverside Kimberly A. Hammond University of California, Riverside Math Self-viability 2 Abstract We analyzed the impact of the apparent study hall condition on math self-adequacy and the impact of math self-viability on normalized math test execution. Upper primary school understudies (n = 1163) if self-reports of their apparent math selfefficacy and how much t heir math study hall condition was masteryoriented, testing, and mindful. Singular understudy scores on the California Standards Test for Mathematics were additionally collected.A arrangement of two-level models uncovered that understudies who saw their study hall conditions as all the more mindful, testing, and authority situated had essentially more significant levels of math viability, and more significant levels of math adequacy emphatically anticipated math execution. Examination of the circuitous impacts of homeroom factors on math execution showed a little critical intervening impact of self-adequacy. Suggestions for research on self-adequacy and the apparent homeroom condition are examined. Math Self-adequacy 3 Does Math Self-viability Mediate the Effect of the Perceived Classroom Environment on Standardized Math Test Performance?In the current high-stakes testing condition, any quality of an understudy that decidedly impacts accomplishment is of intrigue. How much an unders tudy accepts that he/she is equipped for performing explicit undertakings, alluded to as self-adequacy, is especially significant given that self-viability has been contended to effectsly affect accomplishment conduct (Bandura, 1986). Those with higher self-adequacy are proposed to have higher yearnings, more grounded duties to their objectives, and recuperate more rapidly from mishaps than those lower in self-viability. Convictions in one’s viability can shift across scholarly subjects (e. . understanding versus composing) and self-adequacy for arithmetic has gotten close consideration. Understudies with higher math self-viability endure longer on troublesome math issues and are more precise in math calculations than those lower in math self-adequacy (Collins, 1982; Hoffman and Schraw, 2009). Math self-viability is likewise a more grounded indicator of math execution than either math tension or past math experience (Pajares and Miller, 1994; Pajares and Miller, 1995, individ ually) and impacts math execution as firmly as generally speaking mental capacity (Pajares and Kranzler, 1995).The exhibited significance of self-adequacy in scholastic accomplishment has incited across the board enthusiasm for explicit components that influence a student’s self-viability convictions. Bandura’s (1997) social-subjective hypothesis suggested that self-adequacy is most emphatically influenced by one’s past execution and examination to a great extent bolsters this (Chen and Zimmerman, 2007). His hypothesis likewise recommends that self-viability is influenced by watching others (e. g. watching peers prevail at an undertaking), verbal influence (e. g. consolation from guardians and educators), and understanding of physiological states (e. g.Math Self-adequacy 4 absence of nervousness might be a sign that one has aptitudes). Albeit a few examinations show that controlling highlights of learning situations along these hypothetical premises has prompt a nd distinguishable impacts on self-viability (Schunk, 1982, 1983, 1984; Schunk and Hanson, 1985), it appears to be conceivable that students’ impression of their learning surroundings additionally influence their adequacy convictions. Ames (1992) contended that learning situations may not give a typical encounter to all understudies and that students’ emotional translations of their condition decide how they react to it.For model, an instructor may be portrayed by a target eyewitness as accommodating, however in the event that an understudy sees him/her as unhelpful, at that point the impression of unhelpfulness will control the students’ conduct more than the teachers’ genuine supportiveness. Concentrating on view of the study hall condition is steady with Bandura’s (1997) hypothesis, which proposes that self-adequacy is affected by how an individual deciphers applicable data. For instance, an understudy may decipher an apparent unhelpful instruct or as proof that he/she needs ability.In the current examination, we center around three parts of the apparent homeroom condition that influence self-viability: Mastery-direction, Challenge, and Caring. How much understudies see their homeroom condition as one that empowers dominance versus execution objectives has been unmistakably considered (Ames, 1992; Dweck, 1986; Maehr and Nicholls, 1980, individually). Study halls organized around dominance objectives underline exertion and the characteristic benefit of learning; understudies who receive authority objectives are bound to accept that exertion prompts achievement (Weiner, 1979) and show uplifting perspectives towards learning (Ames and Archer, 1988).In differentiation, study halls organized around execution objectives accentuate capacity and rivalry Math Self-adequacy 5 between peers; understudies who embrace execution objectives are bound to utilize shallow learning methodologies (Meece et al. , 1988) and abstain from testing undertakings (Dweck, 1986). Albeit both of these study hall objective structures hypothetically impact the accomplishment objectives that understudies embrace, just authority objective structures are reliably identified with selfefficacy.Several contemplates have discovered that understudies who see their study hall condition as more dominance situated have higher scholastic self-viability (Dorman, 2001; Friedel et al. , 2007; Middleton and Midgley, 1997), though execution arranged homerooms have been seen as disconnected, decidedly related, and contrarily identified with self-adequacy (Friedel et al. , 2007; Wolters et al. , 1996; Schunk, 1996, separately). Studies utilizing way investigation have likewise discovered that self-adequacy intervenes the impact of authority situated study halls on execution (Bong, 2008; Greene, Miller, Crowson, Duke, and Akey, 2004).In specific, Wolters (2004) found that dominance objective structure had a critical constructive outcome on students†™ math levels, yet when math self-viability was remembered for the model, the impact of authority structure on course levels got nonsignificant. How much a study hall condition is seen as trying additionally impacts self-adequacy. A difficult domain is one in which understudies are given continuously troublesome errands as their capability increments. Vygotsky (1978) contended that challenge is basic for scholarly turn of events and Grolnick et al. 2002) recommended that people are brought into the world with a need to test their capacities and ace their condition. In like manner, proof shows that understudies appreciate realizing when assignments are testing (Zahorik, 1996). Despite the fact that challenge has been most unmistakably talked about as a significant facilitator of characteristic inspiration (e. g. Malone and Lepper, Math Self-adequacy 6 1987), a few scientists propose that it likewise prompts more grounded convictions in one’s scholarly capacities (Meyer, Turn er, and Spencer, 1997; Stipek, 2001).Participating in testing exercises permits understudies to see their gradual improvement in a subject, which builds sentiments of self-fitness. On the side of this, Gentry and Owen (2004) revealed that center and secondary school understudies who saw their homeroom as trying were bound to have higher scholastic self-adequacy. Additionally, Meyer, Turner, and Spencer (1997) found that fifth and 6th grade understudies who were portrayed as â€Å"challenge-seekers† had higher math self-viability, while understudies who were described as â€Å"challenge-avoiders’ had lower math self-efficacy.Finally, how much understudies see their homeroom as a mindful domain likewise has a significant effect on self-adequacy. In a mindful homeroom (additionally alluded to as Teacher Involvement: Newman, 2002; Personalization: Frasier and Fisher, 1982), the instructor communicates individual enthusiasm for understudies, offers enthusiastic help, and f or the most part makes an agreeable air. Murdock and Miller (2003) recommend that understudies who see their educators as mindful are bound to see themselves as scholastically proficient and set higher instructive objectives for themselves.Positive connections among understudies and instructors give a basic formative asset to youngsters; understudies are bound to look for help when they need it and build up a wide scope of skills when they feel genuinely upheld by their educators (Crosnoe, Johnson, and Elder, 2004; Pianta, Hamre, and Stuhlman, 2003). As needs be, proof proposes that understudies who see their instructors as additionally caring have essentially higher scholarly self-viability (Murdock and Miller, 200; Patrick et al. , 2007). Pianta et al. (2008) additionally found that fifth-grade understudies had better on math tests whenMath Self-viability 7 their study halls were evaluated higher in passionate help. Furthermore, the impact of enthusiastic help on math accomplishme nt was bigger than the impact of amount of math guidance. The creators noticed that, â€Å"this is particularly intriguing in light of the fact that math is maybe not a subject where educator understudy relations are as much a focus,† (Pianta et al. , 2008, p. 389). In rundown, math self-adequacy seems to assume a significant job in math accomplishment and intervenes the

Digital Forensic Investigation Information Security Department

Question: Depict about the Digital Forensic Investigation for Information Security Department. Answer: Presentation ABC University is a top college in the United States with in excess of 25,000 understudies, Ten University grounds in five assorted States, with more than Five-hundred staff individuals, alongside giving more than Two-hundred University capabilities. This University advances the versatile examination and grants its staff individuals and understudies toBYOD(bring their own devices)to the University grounds just as to associate such gadgets to the University systems. Be that as it may, this association causes a few issues for the Information Security branch of the University. They got different protests from understudies of all different grounds and a few understudies guarantee that they got a spammed email wherein theywereinvited to pay for their assignments whichwerecompleted by some quality writers.One more issues additionally emerge when staff memberviewsunsuitable imagesas well asvideos attheworkplaceboth Mac work area and at instructors own PC.An data security branch of Universit y takesbothincidentsvery genuinely. Nonetheless, the UniversitysIT division has a group of Information Technology specialists and they accept that their specialists are not fit for playing out a total scale advanced scientific examination. The University is totally anxious to ensure that the significant data of understudy isn't undermined and now they need to follow the properprocess to explore such issues. To stop such typesof issues, Digital Forensic Examination or Investigation Plan is altogether conductedinthe Universitys premise. In this examination, the worries or issues about information security are totally explored. Theproper computerized measurable methodology is usein the examination procedure ofUniversitysissues. Distinctive sort of benefits required for this computerized criminological assessment is likewise talked about in this investigation. The information or proof is additionally perceived in this procedure.The different accommodating proposals are likewise talked a bout in this report, which University must follow. Advanced Forensics Methodologies Advanced Forensic Investigation technique expected to properly break down the measure and safeguard what occur with the University. The imperative information which manage the two issues emerges in the University is investigatethrough Digital Forensics Methodology (DFI).DFIis an Eight Step Methodology.DFIis extremely supportive in the assessment to remain destined for success and gives the reasonable show of the proof or information for the security of the issues emerge in the University. Moreover, it is the best possible practice for achieving the mindful learning of legal qualities, forms, strategies just as instruments. Computerized Forensic Investigation (DFI) steps are: Verification:DFIisa driving movement for the reaction against the occurrence situation. In the initial step issues happened in the Universityare appropriately checked. By recognizing the augmentation and extension of the issues they are definitely gotten to. The idea of the issues, circumstances where issues happened andlimitations of the issues are additionally decided in this progression. This initial step is indispensable becauseissue is control by this movement. It is the most ideal approach to manage seeing, recognize, assemble and ensure the evidence (Baekand Lee, 2013). The Information Technology Management of the University feels that the innovationuse inthe University isn't ground-breaking. This is simply because the foundationfor the framework application hasn't been upgraded. The way to deal with get the information is unhidden, which makes it feasible for everyone to accumulate the information. Along these lines, it is a basic to check the events known as the logical eval uation (Ayers, 2009). Depiction of the Framework:System depiction assumes control over the methods where the data has amassed about this specific event. The assessment must start with depicting the structure that is going to separate and taking notes. Some portion of the structure of the framework and University, where is the system picked up is moreover directed by this movement. It separates the working system, the general plan of the hover of the structure and zone of affirmation withextent of RAM. The system took after by the Global reserve had boundless use, wherein the information could be successfully gotten to by different divisions. Other than this, the workstations and servers which anorganization utilized were not really kept up. This had extended the risk of the interference disclosure that extended the peril for the customers. Along these lines, it was indispensable for recognizing the frameworkorganization utilized. In this strategy, it was imperative to accumulate the key information that w as intendused for choosing the piece of the structure (Casey, 2004). Securing of Evidence:Reorganization of possible wellsprings of data, flighty and non-flimsy data, ensure the consideration chain and check the data that is cordinateall done in this movement. If there is disorder about what should suspect that will be deciding in favor of alert, it is extraordinarily improved to accumulate a genuine volume of data. While playing out this movement, it is moreover basic to offer need to the verification gathering and the owners of the matter of choosing the impact and execution of the picked approach. As the precarious, informationchanged over the time, so the solicitation of the data gathering is similarly fundamental (Casey, 2015). The erratic data should togatherin login meetings, open records, contains RAM, etc. Right when this erratic data is gatherthen, the accompanying step is performsto assemble non-precarious data like the hard drive. Resulting to social affair all of the data, the uprightness of the data is surelychecked. It furthermore portr ay the strategy for finding the verification, how it took care of and everything that happened with the University. Assessment of the Timeline:After gathering the data, the evidence which is gotten along these lines examination and assessment of that data in the criminological lab mustfinish. This should tofinish by doing an arranging examination. This movement is especially useful as it incorporates the information like the Change of the Document, entre of the archives and makes it inside a comprehensible organizing, etc (Chaurasia, 2015). The data is gatherwith various sorts of gadgets and it removesfrom the Meta layer of the record system and from that point onward, it will arranged for researching the data. Courses of events of different memory factors are in like manner exceptionally accommodating for redoing the issues emerged. Media Analysis and Artifact:This step incorporates, proportions of information mustoverwhelmor overwhelm with the information. Executed Programs, Downloaded Documents, Clicked on Files just as Opened Directories are for the most part moreover watched withhelp of media investigation step. Memory examination is the other fundamental assessment venture of breaking down the orderly affiliation, rebel structures, affirmation of code, customer handles, and numerous different undertakings. One should prepared for the counter-scientific techniques like transcription and information change that will unfavorably influence the assessment, examination, and end (Cohen, 2008). String Search and Byte:This movement consolidates utilization of the devices that will bolster for looking for the photos of the low-level. On the off chance that essential issues are acknowledged in the action, at that point this progression isused to discover the issue. This movement utilizes the instruments and ways that will check for byte marks are named as charm treats. The byte and string mark, which is being applies to the Universitys issues. Recuperation of the Data:In this movement, the recoveries ofinformation from the record structure shouldpossible. The gadgets whichused as a piece of this movement are outstandingly important for separating the layer of metadata, report system, and the data layer. Separating the dispensed space is additionally a piece of the recuperation of information step for finding the archives of intrigue (Dudley-Gough, 2006). Announcing of the Results:The last advance must join the eventual outcomes of the further done examination that join the depiction of the executed exercises, redesign of substitute executed exercises, and the recommendation for the difference in arrangement, technique, rules, instruments and other piece of the legal examination system for the issues looked by the University (Vaughan, 2004). Advanced Forensic Plan to achieve the computerized criminological philosophy The significant master Digital Forensic course of action or plan should be possible to defeat the issue looked by the Univeristy. By using computerized scientific arrangement in an appropriate way the previously mentioned concerns can be effectively survived. Various sorts of occurrences can be effectively and all the more adequately took care of when the computerized scientific procedures are fused into the existence pattern of a data structure. The assessment of the issue which University faces explained in a suitable way by using a few stages of computerized criminological arranging, for example, gathering of information, Investigation of information, Analytic Thinking of information just as Reporting the results of the assessment. While gathering the information identified with University both concerned issues are at first recognized, named, recorded and after that assembled, guarantee that the nature of the data or information despite everything stays as in the past (Erickson, 2014). In following stage, the examinations of the diverse scientific procedures just as apparatuses which are applicable with the sorts of information assembled must be actualized to perceive and wreck the information which isn't pertinent. The information when accumulated its trustworthiness or quality must be made sure about. This technique incorporates the utilization of the blend of methodology and apparatuses. Third step which is examination includes the examination of the result of the scrutinizing to specify the

Employee Benefits-Medical Plans and Health Care Research Paper

Representative Benefits-Medical Plans and Health Care - Research Paper Example The rising pattern of medicinal services cost can be credited to the expansion in costs of care particularly because of combination of the emergency clinic industry. Emergency clinics have been spending much on guaranteeing powerful arrangement of social insurance administrations. As of late, the costs of every single significant class of social insurance, for example, surgeries and clinic remains. Solidification of medical clinics through mergers and acquisitions has additionally contributed to a great extent to increment in the expense of medicinal services. For example, costs of medical clinic human services administrations rose by 33% somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2010â when there were significant instances of mergers and acquisitions. The expense of supplier benefits in the United States in exceptionally high than different nations, for example, Europe. This is because of expanded spending on clinical and physical administrations. One of the main explanation is the high p redominant pace of corpulence in the United States which require satisfactory clinical spending. The clinical field has additionally been described by normal headway in clinical innovation which has altogether impacted an upward move in the expense of care administrations. Of the general 65 % expansion in costs of social insurance burning through, 30% of can be followed spending on the usage of clinical advancements. The new innovation is required in emergency clinics as it extends the alternatives accessible for the treatment of various clinical needs. In any case, the methodology includes supplanting lower-cost clinical techniques and choices with those that are greater expense. Medicinal services benefits cost-sharing has gotten stressed.

Cultural Diversity to the Industry-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Concept of Cultural Diversity and Role Played by it in Tourism and Hospitality Industry alongside the advantages of Cultural Diversity to the Industry. Answer: Presentation Decent variety is a significant perspective which must be broke down and actualized in an association in a compelling way. It is significant for representatives of the travel industry and friendliness industry to comprehend the job of decent variety the executives for associating with different workers and clients in a superior way. This report will examine the idea of social assorted variety and pretended by it in the travel industry and cordiality industry alongside the advantages of social decent variety to the business. Rebelliousness with the social assorted variety can make an antagonistic effect on the presentation of the business. Various moves can be made by the travel industry and accommodation industry for receiving social assorted variety. Figure 1: Cultural assorted variety Source: (Business in Rhyme, 2015 Chosen assorted variety and significance of chose decent variety in the travel industry and accommodation industry Social assorted variety has been chosen as it is a significant angle and is of incredible worry for the travel industry and friendliness industry. Social decent variety can be comprehended as the entirety of the various people having a place from various social foundation, age, sex, standing, shading, religion, training, inability and abilities. It is essential for the representatives of the travel industry and cordiality industry to comprehend the various societies for offering better types of assistance to the clients and living up to their requirements and desires. Clients of the travel industry and friendliness industry are from various societies and it is significant for the business to think about this angle. The travel industry and cordiality industry has given a one of a kind chance to increasing a comprehension of the new social experience for the representatives, visitors and visitor (Pieters, 2014). Present day the travel industry and friendliness industry is managing the expanding globalization or exchange across fringes. Individuals are voyaging all around the globe which has expanded the requirement for the board of social assorted variety in the travel industry and neighborliness industry. The travel industry and cordiality industry is working in a socially differing condition. In the travel industry and neighborliness industry, it is imperative for an association to consider cross-culture conduct for improving the presentation and increasing an upper hand over the others. Organizations working in the travel industry and cordiality industry must consider and actualize the executives of social decent variety for developing at the worldwide level. Social viewpoints go about as an obstruction between the association and clients and influence the presentation of the association in this industry (Green, et. al., 2015). At the point when associations are not thinking about social assorted variety, this will brings about monoculture association and limits the viewpoint of the association. Odds of development and accomplishment of the association in this industry rely upon the administration procedure of social decent variety. In the travel industry and accommodation industry, clients or customers get pulled in towards the various societies of the better places (Bedi, 2016). Various people are from various societies and for improving the exhibition of each person there is a need to oversee social assorted variety. Associations in this industry are contending at the universal level. The effect of social contrasts can be sure or negative on the presentation of the association. The board of social decent variety gives different chances to the associations working in this industry. These open doors incorporate solid representative base, solid client base, developments, move of information seriousness and top notch administrations (Thitthongkam, 2013) Points of interest to the travel industry and friendliness industry for receiving social decent variety It is significant for each association to consider the idea of social assorted variety as it influences the odds of achievement and development. An association working in the travel industry and accommodation industry can increase different points of interest by receiving social assorted variety. These advantages of embracing social assorted variety for associations of this industry are talked about underneath: Representative fulfillment and inspiration: associations can embrace social decent variety which will help in treating and interfacing with the workers in a superior way. This will guarantee that representatives are fulfilled and propelled. For instance, Hyatt lodging is having probably the best work environment around the world. This has propelled the workers of (Hyatt, 2016). Solid worker base and client base: the board of social decent variety assists with giving a superior situation and better administrations which help in creating solid representative base and client base. It additionally brings about diminishing the cost associated with the enlistment procedure by creating compelling workforce (Dike, 2013). Building up a superior relationship with the workers and clients: applying measures for overseeing social assorted variety will help in building up a sound connection between the administration and representatives and between the association and clients. This aides in producing trust and faithfulness among the representatives and clients. Improved client care: fulfilled workforce plays out the jobs and duties relegated to them in a successful way. This aides in offering better quality types of assistance to the clients and results in improving the fulfillment level among the clients of the travel industry and friendliness industry. This helps the association of the travel industry and cordiality industry in creating brand picture (Korjala, 2012). Upper hand: the executives of the social assorted variety in successful way brings about upgrading the seriousness of the association. For instance, Marriott is giving decent variety the board preparing to its workers for increasing upper hand (Marriott, 2017). Developments and move of information: multi-social workforce helps in sharing the encounters and information on one another among the workforce. This sharing of encounters and information brings about creating workers and improves developments and inventiveness. Contributes towards upgraded profitability: when representatives are filling in as a group and playing out the activities by planning with one another, at that point it brings about improving the exhibition of individual and in general efficiency (Australian Multicultural Foundation, 2010). Cost and outcomes to the travel industry and friendliness industry for not bookkeeping social assorted variety Each association must receive social decent variety for dealing with its worker base and pulling in clients. Inability to oversee social assorted variety will bring about antagonistic effect on the exhibition also development and achievement odds of the association. These results to the travel industry and neighborliness industry for not receiving social assorted variety are examined underneath: Consumption in the nature of the administrations: global associations of the business are confronting issues because of contrasts in the way of life of representatives. These distinctions in the way of life of the workers influence the nature of the administrations advertised. Clashes among the representatives: social contrasts among the workers of the association increment the contentions between them. These contentions may emerge because of contrasts in the language, foundation, age, rank, custom, religion, sexual orientation and other social perspectives (Dike, 2013). High worker turnover rates: non-appropriation of the social assorted variety expands the odds of contentions among the representatives and influences the nature of the work environment. This outcomes in an expansion in the representative turnover rates and cost associated with the determination and enlistment procedure of the association. Diminishing fulfillment level among the representatives and clients: contrasts may emerge among the workforce of the association because of absence of help and coordination. This reductions the fulfillment level of the workers and makes an effect on their exhibition. Draining nature of the administrations diminishes the fulfillment level of the clients (Thitthongkam, 2013). Diminishing efficiency: profitability and adequacy rely upon the nature of the workforce. For the administration of the nature of the workforce, it is essential to embrace social assorted variety. Absence of legitimate correspondence: correspondence channel received by the association may get influenced due to the non-reception of the social decent variety at the working environment (Bedi, 2016). Activities taken by the travel industry and friendliness industry for receiving social assorted variety at the working environment and in the tasks In the worldwide association of this industry, a workforce of the association is assorted and clients or visitors are from various social foundation. It is critical for the administration to set up appropriate measures for actualizing social decent variety for setting up a sound connection with the workers and clients or visitors or guests. Social assorted variety the executives plan must be detailed and received by the association (Gong, 2008). Preparing should be given to the representatives to adapting to the social assorted variety and playing out the jobs and obligations as a group. Preparing to the workers will help in wiping out the language contrasts and will advance solidarity and cooperation among the representatives. Each association of the travel industry and friendliness industry must concentrate on the individual disposition and conduct, abilities and practices received by the administrators and qualities and strategies embraced by the association. These three viewpoint s or components help in deciding the way of life of the association and the executives of the social assorted variety in a viable way (Patrick Kumar, 2012). Administrative aptitudes and practices should be applied for changing the conduct of the representatives towards social contrasts and advancing social assorted variety at the working environment. Tutoring programs must be led at the work environment. These tutoring programs

Greet Them with a Hug

Greet Them with a Hug Whens the last time you hugged a stranger? Next time someone goes to shake your hand, why not greet them with a hug instead? How will it change your interaction with that person? What will it say about you? How will it make you feel? How will it make them feel? You’ll likely attend a few holiday functions, community gatherings, and family get-togethers in the coming months, which means you’ll meet plenty of new peopleâ€"and you’ll have oodles of chances to dish out hugs. Every hug is an opportunity to connect in a memorable, meaningful way because a hug removes the unconscious barriers we surround ourselves with each day. Plus, hugs are free and transferable. Pass it on. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Personal Essay on Why I Vote

Personal Essay on Why I Vote Why Do I Vote? As far as politics is concerned, society falls into two categories – those who partake in it and those who don’t. As for me, I am not the one to go to meetings, become a member of some party, or argue with other people for my beliefs. At the same time, I belong to the group that chooses to take part in the political life of the country. Why is it so? I will explain. Being an active person, I always try to be aware of the most essential events going on in my country, and if something huge happens, I prefer not to be a distant observer. At the same time, I am not that interested in politics as to risk my life for it and spoil relations with people. The majority of time I am in neutral position, still keeping an eye on what is going on, but I always partake in such events as elections and polls. Thus, I consider myself to be a peaceful and full-fledged society member. Some people don’t like to vote, as they think that their opinion doesn’t bother anyone. But to my mind, they just have problems with self-esteem, and nothing more. Of course, I am just one of millions of people who are living in this country and voting, but I know that I can make a difference and that my vote is a part of it. Every time I go to elections and choose the candidate or party that, to my mind, is the most honest and suitable for the given position. And I think that I behave in the right way. I feel that my vote makes a difference for me, which is the most important, to my mind.

The Physics Of The Solar System - 1730 Words

Formally, classified natural satellites or moons include 176 planetary satellites orbiting six of the eight planets. Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos. The large gas giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth s Moon. The objects in the solar system are classified foremost by their dynamics and motion, while size and composition are important for secondary classification. The solar system itself is, defined by the orbits of its constituent bodies. Classification by motion is more useful for astronomers. In fact, the dynamics of the solar system were a central issue for early astronomers such as Ptolemy in the second century and Nicholaus Copernicus in the 16th century. In what follows, we introduce different classifications of the planetary moons. 1.2. Classification of motion of natural satellites 1.2.1 Classification based on the orbits The natural satellites may be, classified into three categories according to their orbits (Newburn and Gulkis, 1973; Burns, 1986) as follows. Category 1: Regular satellites The regular satellites move prograde in nearly circular orbits in the equatorial plane of the mother planet. This sector of satellites represents the four Galilian satellites of Jupiter, the eight classical satellites of Saturn (from Mimas to Iapetus),Show MoreRelatedPhysics Of The Solar System1268 Words   |  6 PagesOur solar system is home to many different types of planets and moons. These differences can vary from the elements that make up the objects to the size of them. While there are many different solar systems in the galaxy, they are unique in their own way. The main reason for the differences in the solar systems is their formation at the start of their life. Our solar system s objects contain many differences that exist because of the unique way in which our solar system formed. While there are manyRead MorePhysics Of The Solar System966 Words   |  4 Pages Final Examination In our solar system we see many characteristics be brought out by the sun and the planets. Five of the main properties that will be discussed are geology, chemical composition of the interior and atmosphere, interior structure, orbital time.speed, and distance from the Sun, and comparative planetology. Planetary geology is the study of the structure, composition, processes, and origin of major and minor planetary bodies in our solar system. The goal is to understand the originRead MorePurpose For A Career In Engineering1025 Words   |  5 Pagesparticularly solar and wind powers are among the chief contenders to solve global energy predicament and concurrently advance our energy generation to the next level. To contribute towards acceleration of this transition to humanity is the primary guiding rationality behind my desire to pursue higher education in engineering. In high school, deeply intrigued by mechanisms and experiments in physics, I frequently took part in the State Science Exhibitions demonstrating models from solar oven to spring-massRead MoreAstronomy : The Field Of Study961 Words   |  4 Pageswhat in the solar system, galaxy, and universe (2) †¢ They study the evolution of planets and stars to more understand how our solar system works (2) †¢ Astronomers study physics at work throughout space (2) †¢ Astronomers study other stars and try to see what types of planets are around them (2) †¢ Solar astronomers study our sun to find cycles, holes, and other things that can help us understand the sun (2) †¢ Astronomers figure out the distance between our solar system and other solar systems, betweenRead MoreCopernicus s Theory Of The Planetary System Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagesplanetary solar system works, few natural philosophers have affected us more than Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus was a scientist who was born on February 19, 1473. Around 1508, Copernicus started to develop his own idea of the solar system. His theory stated that the Sun was the center of the universe. Before Copernicus, it was widely believed that the Earth was the center of the universe rather than the Sun. Copernicus’s theory stressed the idea of heliocentrism or â€Å"Sun-centered system†. AlsoRead MorePersonal Statement Of Application For Nannomaterials834 Words   |  4 Pagesworld, especially in dye-sensitized solar cells, I joined the Department of Chemistry to do research on nanotechnology while preparing to take a Master’s degree in Physics from the same unive rsity with a solid foundation in materials science, basic electronics, advanced device electronics, quantum physics, and computational physics. According to the International Energy Agency’s 2015 World Energy Outlook, a complete de-carbonization of the world’s energy system is needed for a sustainable developmentRead MorePhysics 11373 Words   |  6 Pagesastronomy was widely rejected by his countrymen. His contributions to physics also place him in the ranks of the greatest scientists of all time. Without Galileo’s contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and physics, we would lack many basic understandings of the universe and our world. Body Galileo Galilei was the son of a musician born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. He studied medicine, but his interests laid in mathematics and physics. At age twenty-five, he became a professor of mathematics at PisaRead MoreA Brief History of Time Summary Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Physics, a modern topic of science with an extremely deterring sound and famous for being beyond complex, is a subject which cannot be explained with ease. Stephen Hawking, the most famous living scientist today, wrote A Brief History of Time in 1988, updated in 1996, in order to take upon this daunting task of explaining basic theoretical physics to a population who had previously barely studied any science. Within A Brief History of Time, Hawking touches upon seven topics in-depth whileRead MoreEssay On Physics Of Complex Systems722 Words   |  3 Pagesand fascinating research areas in physics nowadays is the physics of complex systems, or the theory of complexity. There is not a single and s traightforward meaning associated with this buzzword due to its vagueness and polysemy, and very often it depends on the context and the authors. Nevertheless, one of the interesting points are the tools and methods that the theory provides that can be eventually applied to many different disciplines, ranging from physics, chemistry, biology, applied sciencesRead MoreSylvia Gregorio Case Srtudy1278 Words   |  6 Pagesat the Solar Section of the NFD which conducts studies on solar thermal conversion systems, photo voltaic system applications, and solar energy storage employing various media. Employees in the Center had a tendency to take their work not so seriously. If they belong to one section or holding office in the same group, they formed cliques and had some tendency to form exclusive group. Employees at the Solar Section on the other hand were mostly male who were engineers or Math / Physics major

The JonBenet Ramsey Murder Investigation

On Dec. 26, 1996, JonBenet Ramseys 6-year-old body was found in the basement of her Boulder, Colorado home after a ransom note was found demanding money for her return. Family members came under suspicion in the investigation, although a strangers DNA was found on the girls clothing. No one has ever been officially charged with a crime in the case, which remains unsolved. Here are the latest developments in the JonBenet Ramsey murder investigation: Chief: Cops Botched JonBenet Crime Scene Feb. 25, 2015 - A former Boulder, Colorado police chief says his officers should have done a better job of securing the crime scene at the home where JonBenet Ramsey was found killed. Mark Beckner said a lack of manpower due to the Christmas holiday was partly to blame for the confusion at the scene. In an online question and answer session, Beckner said detectives should have separated the parents, John and Patsy Ramsey, and taken full statements from each of them on day one. Instead, when the couple lawyered up they were released and allowed to go home and were not formally interviewed again until five months later. Beckner called that decision a big mistake. During the online session, Beckner also criticized the Boulder district attorneys office for getting too involved in the investigation. Beckner said that he believes the DNA found on the 6-year-olds clothing is the key to finding a suspect in the case, but he also said he does not think anyone will ever be convicted of the 1996 murder, due mainly to mistakes his department made that first day. Previous Developments Jury Indicted JonBenets Parents, But D.A. Balked in 1999Jan. 28, 2013The grand jury investigating the death of JonBenet Ramsey indicted both her parents in 1999, but the district attorney refused to sign the indictment and prosecute the case. District Attorney Alex Hunter did not believe he had enough evidence to convict John and Patsy Ramsey for child abuse resulting in a death, according to an investigative report by a Boulder newspaper. Police Plan Interviews in JonBenet CaseOct. 4, 2010Investigators have planned a new series of interviews in the unsolved JonBenet Ramsey case, but it may not be new evidence that has prompted the activity. An advisory committee, made up of investigators from several state and federal agencies, recommended the new round of interviews after meeting in 2009. JonBenet Ramsey Case Returned to Boulder PoliceFeb. 3, 2009Saying they will use new technology, expertise, and an advisory task force to try to solve the crime, the Boulder Police Department has taken the reins again in the investigation of the JonBenet Ramsey murder. For the past six years, the investigation has been handled by the district attorneys office. Ramseys Cleared in JonBenet Murder CaseJuly 9, 2008The Boulder, Colorado district attorney has released a letter officially clearing members of the Ramsey family of any involvement in the December 1996 death of 6-year-old JonBenet Ramsey after newly discovered DNA evidence points to a male perpetrator not associated with the family or law enforcement. The DNA evidence, found on another piece of JonBenets clothing, matches previous evidence found on her panties in 1997. John Mark Karr Arrested in Domestic DisputeJuly 7, 2007The man who gained the national spotlight by confessing to the murder of JonBenet Ramsey has been arrested and jailed following a domestic dispute at his fathers house in Sandy Springs, Georgia, near Atlanta. Police said they arrested Karr after they received a 9-1-1 call reporting an argument between Karr, his girlfriend, and his father. John Mark Karr Now Free to RoamOct. 5, 2006John Mark Karr, the substitute elementary school teacher who falsely confessed to the murder of JonBenet Ramsey to get out of Thailand, is now a free man after child pornography charges were dismissed against him in California after prosecutors admitted they did not have enough evidence to go to trial. Sonoma County Superior Court Judge Rene Chouteau ordered Karr released immediately. Karr Turns Down Pornography Plea DealSept. 22, 2006John Mark Karr, who gave a false confession in the JonBenet Ramsey case, has rejected a plea deal from California prosecutors that would have allowed him to walk out of jail and serve a probation sentence on child pornography charges. His lawyer said Karr maintains his innocence and refuses to plead guilty to a crime that he did not commit. Charges Dropped in JonBenet Ramsey CaseAug. 28, 2006Colorado prosecutors have decided not to charge John Mark Karr with the murder of six-year-old JonBenet Ramsey on December 26, 1996, after DNA tests failed to link the suspect to the crime scene evidence. The warrant on Mr. Karr has been dropped by the district attorney, public defender Seth Temin said. They are not proceeding with the case. Arrest of JonBenet Suspect Raises Many QuestionsAug. 17, 2006The arrest of 41-year-old John Mark Karr in Bangkok, Thailand for the murder of JonBenet Ramsey in 1996 and his statements to investigators have raised concerns about the validity of his confession. A news conference by Boulder, Colorado District Attorney Mary Lacy today revealed no insight into the investigation, as she refused to make any comments on evidence in the case. Teacher Arrested in JonBenet Ramsey CaseAug. 16, 2006A man currently being held in Thailand on unrelated sexual charges has been arrested in connection with the murder of six-year-old JonBenet Ramsey in her Boulder, Colorado home almost ten years ago. The suspect, who authorities say has confessed to the murder, will be returned to the United States within the next week. JonBenet Ramsey Investigator Changes AgainMarch 20, 2006The lead investigator for the JonBenet Ramsey murder case is about to change again, but the new detective is one who once worked exclusively on the Christmas 1996 death of the six-year-old daughter of John and Patsy Ramsey. Tom Bennett, a retired detective from the Arvada Police Department, joined the Boulders prosecutors office in 2003 working exclusively on the Ramsey case, working 20 to 30 hours a week. JonBenets Killer Linked to Another Rape?Dec. 20, 2004Investigators in the JonBenet Ramsey murder case believe the intruder who killed the six-year-old may have struck again nine months later, sexually assaulting an eight-year-old girl, who was in the same dance class with JonBenet, in her Boulder, Colorado bedroom. A CBS 48 Hours Mystery report also says DNA evidence in the JonBenet case points to a male not associated with the Ramsey family. For most of the eight years since the murder, the investigation was focused almost exclusively on members of the Ramsey family. The JonBenet Ramsey Murder Investigation Around 5:30 a.m. the morning after Christmas Day, 1996, Patsy Ramsey found a ransom note on the familys back staircase demanding $118,000 for her six-year-old daughter, JonBenet, and called 911. Later that day, John Ramsey discovered JonBenets body in a spare room in the basement. She had been strangled with a garrote, and her mouth had been bound with duct tape. John Ramsey removed the duct tape and carried her body upstairs. The Early Investigation From the very beginning, the investigation into the death of JonBenet Ramsey focused on members of the family. Boulder, Colorado investigators went to the Atlanta home of the Ramseys to search for a clue and served a search warrant on their summer home in Michigan. Police took hair and blood samples from members of the Ramsey family. The Ramseys tell the press there is a killer on the loose, but Boulder officials downplay the prospect that a killer is threatening city residents. The Ransom Note The investigation into the murder of JonBenet Ramsey focused on the three-page ransom note, which was apparently written on a notepad found in the house. Handwriting samples were taken from the Ramseys, and John Ramsey was ruled out as the author of the note, but police could not eliminate Patsy Ramsey as the writer. District Attorney Alex Hunter tells the media that the parents are obviously the focus of the investigation. Expert Prosecution Task Force District attorney Hunter forms an Expert Prosecution Task Force, including forensic expert Henry Lee and DNA expert Barry Scheck. In March 1997 retired homicide detective Lou Smit, who solved the Heather Dawn Church murder in Colorado Spring, is hired to head the investigation team. Smits investigation would eventually point to an intruder as the perpetrator, which conflicted with the DAs theory that someone in the family was responsible for JonBenets death. Conflicting Theories From the beginning of the case, there was a disagreement between investigators and the DAs office about the focus of the investigation. In August 1997, Detective Steve Thomas resigns, saying the DAs office is thoroughly compromised. In September, Lou Smit also resigns saying he, cannot in good conscience be a part of the persecution of innocent people. Lawrence Schillers book, Perfect Murder, Perfect Town, describes the feud between police and prosecutors. Burke Ramsey After 15 months of investigation, the Boulder police decide the best way to solve the murder is a grand-jury investigation. In March 1998, police interview John and Patsy Ramsey a second time and do an extensive interview with their 11-year-old son Burke, who was reported as a possible suspect by some in the press. A leak to the news media indicates that Burkes voice could be heard in the background of the 911 call Patsy made, although she said he was asleep until after police arrived. Grand Jury Convenes On Sept. 16, 1998, five months after they were chosen, Boulder County grand jurors began their investigation. They heard forensic evidence, analysis of handwriting, DNA evidence, and hair and fiber evidence. They visited the Ramseys former Boulder home in October 1998. In December of 1998, the grand jury recesses for four months while DNA evidence from other members of the Ramsey family, who were not suspects, can be compared to that found at the scene. Hunter and Smit Clash In February 1999, District Attorney Alex Hunter demanded that detective Lou Smit return evidence that he collected while he worked on the case, including crime scene photographs. Smit refuses even if I have to go to jail because he believed the evidence would be destroyed if returned because it supported the intruder theory. Hunter filed a restraining order and got a court injunction demanding the evidence. Hunter also refused to allow Smit to testify before the grand jury. Smit Seeks Court Order Detective Lou Smit filed a motion asking Judge Roxanne Bailin to allow him to address the grand jury. It is not clear if Judge Bailin granted his motion, but on March 11, 1999, Smit testified before the jury. Later that same month, district attorney Alex Hunter signed an agreement allowing Smit to keep the evidence he had collected in the case but prohibited Smit from relaying prior conversations with Ramsey prosecutors and not interfere with the on-going investigation. No Indictments Returned After a year-long grand jury investigation, DS Alex Hunter announces that no charges will be filed and no one will be indicted for the murder of JonBenet Ramsey. At the time, several media reports suggested that it was Smits testimony that swayed the grand jury to not return an indictment. The Suspicions Continue In spite of the grand jury decision, members of the Ramsey family continued to remain under suspicion in the media. The Ramseys adamantly proclaimed their innocence from the very beginning. John Ramsey said he thought that someone in the family could be responsible for JonBenets murder was nauseating beyond belief. But those denials did not keep the press from speculating that either Patsy, Burke or John himself were involved. Burke Not a Suspect In May 1999, Burke Ramsey was secretly questioned by the grand jury. The following day, authorities finally said that Burke was not a suspect, only a witness. As the grand jury began to wind down its investigation, John and Patsy Ramsey are forced to move from their Atlanta-area home avoid the onslaught of media attention. Ramseys Fight Back In March 2002, the Ramseys released their book, The Death of Innocence, about the battle they have fought to reclaim their innocence. The Ramseys filed a series of libel lawsuits against media outlets, including the Star, the New York Post, Time Warner, the Globe and the publishers of the book A Little Girls Dream? A JonBenet Ramsey Story. Federal Judge Clears Ramseys In May 2003, an Atlanta federal judge dismissed a civil lawsuit against John and Patsy Ramsey saying there was no evidence showing the parents killed JonBenet and abundant evidence that an intruder killed the child. The judge criticized the police and the FBI for creating a media campaign designed to make the family look guilty.

Conduit Metaphor - Definition and Examples

A conduit metaphor is a type of conceptual metaphor (or figurative comparison) commonly used in English to talk about the process of communication. The concept of the conduit metaphor was originally explored by Michael Ready in his 1979 article The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language (see below). Reddy estimated that the conduit metaphor functions in roughly 70% of the expressions used to talk about ​language. The Framework of the Conduit Metaphor Typical solutions to the unskilled speakers communication problems are illustrated by (4) through (8). (4) Whenever you have a good idea practice capturing it in words(5) You have to put each concept into words very carefully(6) Try to pack more thoughts into fewer words(7) Insert those ideas elsewhere in the paragraph(8) Dont force your meanings into the wrong words. Naturally, if language transfers thought to others, then the logical container, or conveyer, for this thought is words, or word-groupings like phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and so on. . . .[F]our categories . . . constitute the major framework of the conduit metaphor. The core expressions in these categories imply, respectively, that: (1) language functions like a conduit, transferring thoughts bodily from one person to another; (2) in writing and speaking, people insert their thoughts or feelings in the words; (3) words accomplish the transfer by containing the thoughts or feelings and conveying them to others; and ( 4) in listening or reading, people extract the thoughts and feelings once again from the words.(Michael J. Reddy, The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language. Metaphor and Thought, ed. by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press, 1979) The Conduit Metaphor and Communication [Michael] Reddy points out that the Conduit Metaphor is not a specific expression; rather, it names the metaphoric assumptions that enable a range of common expressions such as getting the message across, putting thoughts into words, and getting a lot out of a text. . . .Although the Conduit Metaphor may fail to describe all that transpires in typical writing situations, it does not impose an erroneously reductive structure upon complex activity but rather grows out of a complex of embodied activity, situated experience, and rhetorical human relationships. It is a rhetorical metaphor that, in certain instances, asserts a description of communication or an ethical standard. Without it, for example, we would have little basis for ethical objections to lying, concealment, failure to warn, failure to be responsible, and so on. It is crucial that we recognize, however, that when the Conduit Metaphor is treated as credible, it is combined with other concepts whose implications support its credibility. Most saliently, it combines with Language Is Power, a concept that has both evident ontological and ethical ramifications.(Philip Eubanks, Metaphor and Writing: Figurative Thought in the Discourse of Written Communication. Cambridge University Press, 2011) Lakoff on the Grammar of Conduit Metaphors Now consider: That idea just came to me out of the blue. . . . The general conceptual metaphor involved here is the CONDUIT metaphor, according to which ideas are objects that can be sent and received. Out of the blue is a metaphorical source phrase, and That idea is not just the Content of the cognitive experience, but is also the metaphorical Theme that moves to me. The grammar of the sentence is a reflection of the metaphor. That is, it has the grammar of a literal Theme-Goal-Source sentence, like the literal The dog came to me out of the kennel. To put it another way, the sentence has source domain syntax. . . .Now let us turn to a case where an Experiencer is a metaphysical Patient and has the syntax of a Patient: The idea struck me out of the blue. Again, we have the CONDUIT metaphor, with an idea that is conceptualized as an object that comes from a source out of the blue to me, not just reaching me as a goal but striking me. Thus, me is not merely a Goal, but moreover, a Pati ent that is affected by being struck. The verb struck is from the source domain, as is the syntax, in which me is direct object, which is the natural grammatical relation for a Patient to have.(George Lakoff, Reflections on Metaphor and Grammar. Essays in Semantics and Pragmatics: In Honor of Charles J. Fillmore, ed. by Masayoshi Shibatani and Sandra A. Thompson. John Benjamins, 1995) Challenging the Conduit Metaphor In Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 10-12 et passim) describe what they call the CONDUIT metaphor as a cross-domain mapping consisting of the following main correspondences: IDEAS (OR MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTSLINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERSCOMMUNICATION IS SENDING(Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 10) This formulation of the CONDUIT metaphor has since become the most widely accepted account of the dominant way in which speakers of English talk and think about communication (e.g. Taylor 2002: 490 and KÃ ¶vecses 2002: 73-74). More recently, however, [Joseph] Grady (1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999) has questioned the validity of the CONDUIT metaphor alongside that of many other well-established formulations of conceptual metaphors, for the following reasons: first, it lacks a clear experiential basis; second, it does not explain why some prominent elements of the source domain are not conventionally mapped onto the target (e.g. the notion of opening or sealing packages is not conventi onally projected from the domain of the transfer of objects to the domain of communication); and third, it does not account for why many expressions that have been associated with the CONDUIT metaphor are in fact conventionally used in relation to other domains of experience as well (e.g. The detective couldnt get much information out of the partial shoeprint (Grady 1998: 209, italics in original)).(Elana Semino, A Corpus-Based Study of Metaphors for Speech Activity in British English. Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, ed. by Anatol Stefanowitsch and Stefan Th. Gries. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) Alternate Spellings: Conduit Metaphor See Examples and Observations below. Also see: MetalanguageCommunication ProcessMetaphorThirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorWriting Process

Child Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay

Child maltreatment is an issue that most social workers will face throughout their career. Although there are many causes to a child being neglected, sexually or physically abused; studies have shown that poverty is in many cases linked to child maltreatment. There are currently 488 counties in America where twenty percent of the population has lived below the poverty line for the past thirty years or more (Clyburn, 2014). Studies have shown that poverty is linked to child abuse and neglect. With poverty comes the stresses of housing and instability, childcare burden, substance availability and susceptibility to crime in order to satisfy material needs. And in the midst of all of this, there are children who are being targeted by their parent or guardian when life becomes too difficult to endure. Poverty has been proven to bring about many other matters that will eventually affect a child. Physical disorders in neighborhoods such as â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† which consists of graffiti on buildings, abandoned cars, broken windows and garbage in the streets are an example of this. These disorders have shown to have had an effect on those who are having to live in such conditions. It is a constant reminder as to where they rank in the economic scale. Social disorders that are experienced in bad neighborhoods such as verbal harassment on the streets, prostitution, public intoxication and rowdy groups of young males in public can also cause affliction between parents and theirShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Maltreatment On Children1582 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative effects that child maltreatment has on a child throughout their childhood and their life. Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiv er that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and failure to supervise (Franks, Miller, Schelble, 2010). Children who areRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Child Maltreatment Faith A. Hopper Columbia College HUMS 390 Child Maltreatment In the beginning of this course, maltreatment meant getting hit in areas of your body besides your buttocks. But as this class progressed through this class it gets much deeper than that. According to the New York Office of Child and Family Services, maltreatment is defined as the quality of care a child is receiving from those responsible for him/her. When a parent or individual who is legally responsibleRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children3861 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Of all the reported American child maltreatment in 2013, 79.5% of victims experienced neglect, more than four times the victims that were physically abused (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Neglect is one of the most common forms of child maltreatment and public awareness of this problem was raised in the 1960s by the work of C. Henry Page 1 of 1Kempe which described the battered-child syndrome. It was only then that child maltreatment was regarded as a serious social problemRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2157 Words   |  9 PagesChild Maltreatment Maltreatment is a sever form of parental abuse that could really take a toll on a developing child. Children should be treated with the utmost care because they are developing and growing physically, physiologically, and emotionally everyday for starters. It has always been a known staple that children need to get enough sleep, eat their vegetables, along with a healthy diet, and follow and healthy regimen in order to reach full healthy potential. Malnourishment effectsRead MoreEffects Of Child Maltreatment On Children859 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Child Maltreatment The maltreatment of children within the United States is an unfortunate but evident issue that presents some very detrimental consequences for the victims. Victims of child maltreatment typically suffer from both short-term and long-term consequences, resulting from the negligence of their parents. Across the nation techniques and measures have been taken in order to prevent the advancement of child abuse within high-risk homes, although despite these efforts sometimesRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1373 Words   |  6 Pagesimpair the normal development of memory in children. This paper will evaluate the role of child maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and neglect) in the changes of memory function. We will first explore maltreatment’s effect on the physiological changes that occur in the primary brain structures that are involved in the development and functions of memory. Next, we will examine the differences in memory among maltre ated and non-maltreated children in various types of memory, includingRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effect On Children Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a high chance that we will read another horror story about a maltreated child. It seems as long as bad people are in this world, abuse and neglect will always exist. While statistics show that maltreatment cases have decreased, we wonder if that really is the case. Many people feel that both the police and programs created to protect children have failed. Although, we might not be able to stop maltreatment altogether, there is still room for improvement to prevent it with education and enforcingRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagestragic than others and starts earlier than others. Children in particular are vulnerable to these tragic events because they are unable to properly defend themselves, depending on their size and communication ability. Child abuse and neglect are pro blems that are happening to children all across the world. David Pelzer, author of the autobiographic book A Child Called It, was an American child who experienced child abuse and is still feelings its effects to this very day. His mother committed audaciousRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2029 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract Child Abuse and Neglect continue to be a serious pediatric and social threat to the nation’s children. Child maltreatment is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse may be the most noticeable, other types of abuse, such as emotional and sexual abuses, leave deep, lasting scars. Child Maltreatment includes significant negative experiences with long-lasting effects. These childhood experiences cause detrimental, long lasting effects during cognitive, behavioral, and emotionalRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children With Disabilities981 Words   |  4 PagesChild Maltreatment Child maltreatment is implicated as a risk factor in many disorders, ranging from externalizing such as conduct disorder to internalizing such as anxiety or depression. In the text, they propose a question as to the timing of abuse. Does the abuse come as a reaction of the parents because the child is difficult to manage? Or does difficult behavior such result from the abuse? Research has shown that children that may be harder to manage such as disabilities are at higher risk

Report of Influence Leadership on Apple Inc Free Essays

Report of influence leadership on Apple Inc | May 5 2011 | This report shows market review, SWOT and PEST of Apple Inc as well as back ground of Steve Jobs- brilliant CEO. It also criticize and relate to leadership theories in his case. | | Contents Introductions3 Findings4 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Report of Influence Leadership on Apple Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Products and services4 2. Market review5 Literature review10 Conclusions15 Recommendations15 References16 Introductions It is obvious to suggest that the success of  a  corporate brand  is based on  many factors  that  impact directly  or indirectly to  delivering the  decision  to build  that success. Human factors, especially  the role of leaderships and  their decision  are  prerequisite  to bring ‘a unique success’  in both  business and  brand reputation. According to Fortune magazine, Apple Inc is â€Å"The Most Admired Company† in the USA in 2010 and becomes a leader in technical rivalry in majority areas such as consumer electronics as well as software products [ (Magazine, 2011) ]. Its success based on creativity and innovation strategies, and a significant advantages which allows the company to occupy the leading positions in the world market is leadership of this Company , specially Steve Jobs- a visionary talents CEO. He has played an important role in the development of the computer company. However, this was also the problem of Apple because of lack of Steve Jobs such as when he got cancer leading to falling down Apple’ stock price in the past. So that, The aim of this report will focus on affection of leadership on Apple and how leadership theories relate in this case. This report also shows market review of Apple Inc and recommends for this company . The report based on secondary research (public information on the internet, journals and literature review from books). Laterally, the research will evaluate the fact and key theories in specific circumstance- Apple Inc and Steve Jobs. Findings 1. Products and services In 1976, Apple was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The Company specializes designs, manufactures, and markets consumer electronics products – personal computers, portable music players, mobile phones – as well as related software, services, and peripherals. Apple sells its products worldwide and provides support through its website . Additionally, Apple distributes digital entertainment content through its iTunes Store. While initially offering only music, the store has grown to include videos, television shows, films, and audio books. Apple’s products and services include: * A range of personal computing products including desktop and portable computers. The Company’s desktop computers such as iMac ®, Mac ® Pro and Mac ® mini. Its portable computers include MacBook ®, MacBook ® Pro and MacBook Air ®. * iPod: The iPod was launched as a line of portable digital music players in 2001, a portable entertainment device capable of storing photos and playing video. iPhone: Released in June 2007, the iPhone marked Apple’s entry into the rapidly growing Smartphone market. * In January 2010, introduced iPad, a multi-purpose mobile device for browsing the web, reading and sending email, viewing photos, watching videos†¦ etc * iTunes Store: in early 2001, iTunes is a digital media player application used to manage audio and video files. * Apple TV: Launched in 2007, the App le TV is a digital media receiver designed to play content from an Internet media service or any computer running iTunes. AppleCare ® provides a range of support options for the Company’s customers, include assistance that is built into software products, printed and electronic product manuals, online support including comprehensive product information as well as technical aid, and the Apple Care Protection Plan (â€Å"APP†). * The Company offers a range of software products for consumers and creative customers, including the Company’s proprietary Mac OS X and iOS operating system software. Ipad2 Imac Iphone4 Macbook Pro 2. Market review The Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. Operating segments consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific. In September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the U. S. A and 84 stores all over the world, approximately 44% of the Company’s total net sales in 2010 inside the USA. Also, the Company had nearly 46,600 full-time equivalent employees and 2,800 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors. It has worldwide annual net sales of $65. 225 billion in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Net sales and Gross margin of Apple Inc in 2008-2009-2010 ($ million) Net sales/ Revenue : during 2010 increased $22. 3 billion, or 52% compared with 2009. Overall, total net sales of Apple increases rapidly, specially in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Expenditure: $1. 8 billion, $1. 3 billion and $1. 1 billion in 2010, 2009 and 2008 to invest development of new innovative products, such as iPhone, iPod, iPad and Macbook. (Inc, 2011) Investment of Apple in 2008-2009-2010( percentage %) * PEST Analysis * Politics Different countries have different policies which some way restrict or give the company chances. The company has to act in accordance with the environment regulations such as environment safe disposal or recycling. Triad , NAFTA and other regions open doors to trade ,otherwise Latin America, Asia offer massive potential. Unstable politics caused terrorism activities are directly impacting the overall business of the company. * Social The growing of computer and internet usage all over the world which are opportunities to develop computer industry. Education issue is put first for new generation which is key element for business of the company. User becomes more knowledgeable and skilled about computer. Economic Impacting from economic crisis leading to low consumers spending, however some signs of improvement appears by increasing of spending and investment of consumers. Currency exchange rate fluctuations and international trade regulations (tariffs and antidumping penalties) may affect products sales. * Technology Advanced in technology quickly and consumers appreciate more ; more advances in their systems. The traditional desktop might become outdated by the entrance of new revolutionary products. Increasing demands for new technology in schools and professionals. * SWOT Analysis * Competitors SWOT and PEST analysis above showed overview criticism about Apple. The company has a good performance, however it also encounters aggressive competitors in all segments of its business. The markets for the Company’s products and services are highly competitive. Because the segments in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological advances, including personal computers with its Mac computers; mobile communications and media devices with its iPhone, iPad and iPod product families, and distribution of third-party digital content and applications with its online iTunes Store. For instance : * Personal computers segment: According to Fortune magazine, HP is ranked 2nd in list of World’s most admired companies with score 7. 74 , HP’s revenue is $126 billion in 2010. (Magazine, 2011) (HP, 2011) * Mobile communications segment: HTC- The world’s largest maker of handset using Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. operating systems. Its products use Google’s Android platform and   Windows Phone 7 software of  Microsoft. Revenue rose to NT$76 billion in third quarter 2010. Businessweek, 2011) * Software segment: Android, the free operating system developed by Google, accounted for a 32 percent share of the U. S. market for Smartphone bought in the past six months of 2010 according to August data from Nielsen Co. * Current and future trends Using Smartphone is increasing today( increased to 29 % in 2010, USA) (Roger Entner, 2011). A growing proportion of younger consumers opt to use their mobile contracts for all telecoms services. The f ocus of mobile industry will be on † platforms†, include operating systems ( iOS of Apple , Android of Google, and Microsoft’s Window 7) . The combination of affordable data plan and increasing Smartphone usage would get more people online. Consumers are ready to spend more for their extra functionality, effective and fashionable products. Touch, eye, voice and possibly even brain controllers will be commonplace. It also is future trend for personal computers and portable music players. Literature review As mentioned above , Apple’s success base on key point Steve Job- a brilliant CEO. Before analyzing influence of Steve Jobs on Apple and relate it with leadership theories, it is necessary to define leadership and its theories. Definition : Leadership is an interaction between two or members of a group that often involves structuring of the situation and the perceptions, expectation of members. Leaders are agent of change-person whose acts affect other people more than other people’s act affect them. Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. In fact, some people are able to lead naturally while others, leadership skills are built up through hard work and practice. According to Stogdill’s studies, there are 5 elements which modify effective leader traits : Capacity, Achievement, Responsibility, Participation, Status. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) In addition, 4 leader decision styles were classified include : Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire, Human relation. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Although, leader’s success also depends on how they interact with various circumstances that influence the tasks to be undertaken. A range of researches was pointed out, however some popular theories have known( contingency theories). Firstly, The Fiedler contingency model-matching leader style and situational favorableness factors. It includes (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Task structure – the degree to which the duty are formalised and planned; Position power – the degree of influence a leader has over activities such as recruitment, authority, promotion and increasing salary; Leader-member relations – the degree of confidence, trust and respect inferiors have for the leader . Secondly, Hersey and Blanchard’s (1996) situational leadership theory – matching leader behaviours to followers’ needs. Based on combinations of the leader’s task and relationship behaviours as moderated by the job maturity of followers. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Task behaviours – organising and defining roles, structure, channel of communication; Relationship behaviours – relationship with inferiors by opening channel of communication and supporting. Thirdly, Path-goal theory ( House and Mitchell, 1974) : a leader should clarify goals, show acceptable paths for attaining goals, make the path easier to travel, and reward satisfactory performance. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Directive leadership (highly task orientated)- provide guidance and how indentified performance standards and time schedules as well as policies; Achievement-orientated leadership (high task and relationship orientated) – challenge purpose is built up, seeks performance upgrading ; Participative leadership ( moderately task and highly relationship orientated ) – consulting with and soliciting the ideas of others in decision-making; Supportive leadership (highly relationship orientated) -concern for the needs and purposes of others and strives to make the work conditions satisfying and equitable. Additionally, there are 2 styles among several leadership styles which modify model of leaders. Firstly, Transactional leadership – using bureaucratic authority and incentives to motivate, focusing on rewards according to Bass theory. Secondly, Charismatic leadership – † heroic † leadership ; the ability to energize interiors through the use of symbols, visionary, stories and rhetoric to achieve at extraordinary levels, typically having a vision and a reason for the future , advanced by Weber (1947). Such information have demonstrated some traits and processes of leadership in an organisation. In fact , they are also traits which fit in Apple case. Its success story began in 1976, when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniaks launched their own business, the Apple Computer Company, in Jobs’ family garage. At that time, he was 21, then by the age of 25 , Jobs obsessed $165 million . The increase of Apple’s success quickly which put the first landmark in his line of business. (Campbell, 2011) In 1985, he got out of the way of Apple when John Sculley , who came from Pepsi-Cola, had joined. Four years later, Jobs came back with another company, NextStep which achieved far away from the success of Apple but it recalled people that he would continued in his way. Later, he secondly started with his participation in Pixar- the animation company he purchased from the Star Wars director, George Lucas. The first success of Pixar is movie Toy Story which lead to its position as one of the key player in Hollywood, then launching movie Finding Nemo. Its success made Jobs a billionaire and prepared for his coming back Apple in 1997. Within one year , the ailing company was once more making huge profits. However, his journey didn’t stop at that point. Since the combination of high-speed Internet and the music industry has opened a new segment for getting profit by downloading music . Jobs believe that iTunes is the answer. Additionally, Ipad2 is leader in digital book and tablet segment now. (Campbell, 2011) Steve Jobs is really an effective leader, an important person in development of Apple. In many way , his traits fit in charismatic leadership. Firstly, an ideology is showed clearly, often using labels and slogans, He offered a vivid and positive image of the future. For instance, he used the slogan as well as the iconic logo of the Mac team:† Pirates! Not the Navy â€Å"to build up Mac team( a group specializes design new products) (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). Being pirate, employees should think differently and act as revolution. His goal and passion are perfect products. He concerned about every details of products carefully until it was launched. This is an ideological image which he and his team follow, becomes a motivation in the whole company. By articulating an ideological vision and recruiting a number of talents who share the values of the vision, he develops the company. Secondly, he showed clear structure to reach his goal as well as increases positive values and suggest linkages between expected behaviors from interiors with his vision of the future. For example, he formed the Mac group would never raise more than a hundred people because it was easy to fall into the danger of free flowing of ideas, barriers of communication among employees. He had a plan to guarantee everyone has the same wavelength and the same direction, setting a standard of doing each task for each staff (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). He ordered the team to create a whole new prototype of the computer using different chip, the Motorola 68000, which featured a lager memory. Another case, he forced people do his direction by calling meetings, setting new paths, adding new people into Mac team to move the cursor with some kind of control device . It led to moving the cursors with the mouse , clicking o make collection, dragging a file or icon (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 15). That was the fundamentals of the way we use computers today. Also, he was always finding for something specific from each group to link the quality he wanted. He brought out the creative talent in several people and guided them to work in harmony as well as encouraged open discussion. These characters also fit with Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory. Because both theories are quite similar , they show clear structure and aim to lead employees follow. H In fact, effective leader does not rely on one leadership style to manage company. Transaction leadership style also contain in this case. He has focused on achieving the tasks at hand. Jobs has got things done by making, and fulfilling, promises of recognition, and advancement for employees who have performed well. By contrast, employees who do not do good work are penalized. This promise and reward for good performance, or threat and discipline for poor performance. For example, he set up product retreats into the actual work agenda, opening them every three months for the whole growing Mac team. Every member was expected to be present. One by one, each team manager for hard ware, soft ware, marketing, sales, finance, PR would present a brief status report and time line , explaining where they were in term of agenda. If their team was falling behind , they would be criticized and given some suggestions for how they could overcome (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 43). Everybody was free to give suggestions. Besides, he decided that the signatures of the engineering team members would be put on the inside of the case of the first Mac. It’s also a gift or recognition from him to interiors. Another case, achievement- oriented leadership consist with his traits, he was always discovering imperfections in everything , from the design to the marketing and packaging , to how the product would be promoted and sold. He always asked: † At the first grade level† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 21) . In a story, he had decided early on that the cell phone being developed at Apple would have only a single button but his engineers couldn’t carry out , then, he kept demanding in effect : † The phone will have a single button. Figure it out† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 23). By high demanding, we have iPhone 4 with only a single button today. In addition, he is autocratic decision style because he always gave duty for others and decided quickly. However, he is a relation behaviors and supportive leader. He focused on the slogan: † We are all in this together† by bringing people from different aspects to meet each others in celebrations and to make a satisfaction work place such as allowing to work free of usual restrictions (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 40). Apple would become known as a company that celebrated just about everything: meeting goal, sales growth, new product introduction, new key people. In 1981, Bandley Drive building , a part of the center was a large atrium (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 50). It had a piano, video games huge fridge stocked with bottles of fruit juice . It was quickly became a place for the employees to meet and hang out. Finally, his case consist with leader member relations theory. Because of all of his passion and actions , followers have a strong respect and trust to him. Talents would be attracted by talents, that is explanation for Why Apple attracted many genius engineers and developed nowadays. At last but not least, that is the innovation of Steve Jobs in the whole business context. Technologies which he developed and advanced in NextStep and Pixar were applied on Apple Inc. That is really a basic for Apple’s success . He always plays an important role in making right decision as the statement about leader and manager : Leader do the right thing , manager do the thing right. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Conclusions Steve Jobs is criticized as an effective leader in the world. His famous and the well known of Apple remain together and will keep an important position in world trade. He is a part of success of Apple Inc and a leader in significant decision of development of his company. Understanding Apple Inc case and its market as well as an important leader- Steve Jobs will make us be aware of some traits of leadership in many theories deeply. His leadership style are : Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory, Charismatic leadership and Transaction leadership as well as Relation behaviors and Supportive leader. So that, it is realization that an successful leader always exists different leadership styles. Leaders always change their leadership style flexibility which is suitable for each task and each circumstance. Recommendations A part of the success of Apple based on Steve Jobs but it is dangerous if lack of this key leader. Besides, Job also shows that he is impatient person. So, it is considered seriously that Apple should give structure and motivation for employees as well as the whole company clearly and make it become tradition. Also, it is necessary to improve workplace such as improving workplace conditions in China and invest more in charity segment as Microsoft. It is useful to promote Apple’s image. References Bloisi, W. , W. Cook, C. ; L. Hunsaker, P. , 2007. Leadership. In K. Reade, ed. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education. pp. 652- 672. Businessweek, B. , 2011. Boomberg. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessweek. com/news/2010-10-06/htc-posts-record-revenue-profit-on-android-phones. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Campbell, D. , 2011. Guardian. [Online] Available at: http://arts. uardian. co. uk/features/story/0,11710,1241745,00. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 38. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 21. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In T he Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 23. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 40. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 50. HP, 2011. HP Coporate information. [Online] Available at: http://www8. hp. com/us/en/hp-information/facts. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Inc, A. , 2011. Apple Inc. [Online] Available at: http://www. apple. com/investor/ [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Magazine, F. , 2011. Money. cnn. [Online] Available at: http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2010/industries/7. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Roger Entner, S. V. P. R. a. I. T. P. , 2011. nielsewire. [Online] Available at: How to cite Report of Influence Leadership on Apple Inc, Papers

Semiotics And Intertextuality Essay Example For Students

Semiotics And Intertextuality Essay Semiotics and Intertextuality Part I IntertextualityThe semiotic notion of intertextuality is associated primarily with poststructuralist theorists. Each media text exists in relation to others. In fact, texts owe more to other texts than to their own makers. Texts are framed by others in many ways. Most obvious are formal frames: a television programme, for instance, may be part of a series and part of a genre (soap or sitcom). Our understanding of any individual text relates to such framings. Genre theory: Within semiotics genres can be seen as sign systems or codes conventionalized but dynamic structures. Each example of a genre utilises conventions which link it to other members of that genre. Such conventions are at their most obvious in spoof versions of the genre. Links also cross the boundaries of formal frames, for instance, in sharing topics with treatments within other genres (the theme of war is found in a range of genres such action-adventure film, documentary, news, current affairs). Some genres are shared by several media: the genres of soap, game show and phone-in are found on both television and radio; the genre of the news report is found on TV, radio and in newspapers; the advertisement appears in all mass media forms. Texts sometimes allude directly to each other as in remakes of films, and in many amusing contemporary TV ads. Texts in the genre of the trailer are directly tied to specific texts within or outside the same medium. The genre of the progra mme listing exists within the medium of print (listings magazines, newspapers) to support the media of TV, radio and film. TV soaps generate substantial coverage in popular newspapers, magazines and books; the magazine format was adopted by TV, radio and now by Web. Each text exists within a vast society of texts in various genres and media: no text is an island entire of itself. A useful semiotic technique is comparison and contrast between differing treatments of similar themes (or similar treatments of different themes), within or between different genres or media. Questions for You and MeIntertextualityDoes it allude to other genres? Does it allude to or compare with other texts within the genre? How does it compare with treatments of similar themes within other genres? Very good book on genres by Michail Bakhtin, although he is not pure simiotician. Film Theory LinksWide Angle: A Film Quarterly of Theory, Criticism, and Practice from USC. Transparency: Mass Media, Visul Culture and Ideology. LisztSelect: Film Theory Lists: Groups, Discussions. Auther Theory: selling select books. Cine-Tracks: Canadian Film Theory Journal. Dramatica Theory of Story: for writers. Open Directory Project:Movies: Theory Criticism (needs an editor). Film-Theory contact Page: subscribe! Iconology Movies: from Yale Press. SOFIA links: from UK. CinemaSpace: from Berkeley. Voice of the Shuttle: Theory: including literature, the best! English Server: one the best sources on the Internet, if not the best! F-Theory: good personal page on movies and film. 100 Best in film history of the century Classic BookTheory of Film: The Redemption of Physical RealitySiegfried Kracauer; with an introduction by Miriam Bratu Hansen Princeton University Press, 364 PP., $19.95, Paper, 0691037043 Princeton has made an interesting and very worthwhile decision to reprint Siegfried Kracauers impressive work on film aesthetics (the term magnum opus would not be inappropriate). (Theory of Film was originally published in 1960, this new paperback edition is the only one currently in print in English.) At a time when film so readily employs digital means to create images, Kracauers emphasis on films connection to photography as a representation of reality might seem out -of-date. However, As Miriam Bratu Hansen points out in her excellent introduction, suggestions that Kracauers theories of film belong to the beautiful ruins in the philosophical landscape certainly miss out on what is certainly very relevant and consistently challenging in Theory of Film. Written during his exile in France during World War II (Theory of Film differs in many ways from his Weimar writings, the specter of the Holocaust and Nazism, shaped Kracauers views on film) Kracauer views film as both the perfect medium for the representation of the crisis of modernity and the modern subject as well as holding out the possibility to suggest and encourage new perspectives and constructs in which to change its condition. Now that Theory of Film is once again available to English-speaking readers it will undoubtedly take its place among the works of Bazin and Arnheim, as well as Kracauers own From Caligari to Hitler as a classic work of film theory.